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作者：Wade, J
摘要：This research sought to identify the sources and rates of technological variation in an industry using a community-level framework, Using data on all merchant producers of microprocessors from 1971 to 1989, I found that new entrants were the sources of most new designs. The rate at which design sponsors entered the market follows organizational ecology's density-dependence model. Further, increasing market concentration increased the entry rate of new firms, most of which sponsored architectur...
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作者：Amabile, TM; Conti, R; Coon, H; Lazenby, J; Herron, M
作者单位：Colgate University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Southern California
摘要：We describe the development and validation of a new instrument, KEYS: Assessing the Climate for Creativity, designed to assess perceived stimulants and obstacles to creativity in organizational work environments. The KEYS scales have acceptable factor structures, internal consistencies, test-retest reliabilities, and preliminary convergent and discriminant validity. A construct validity study shows that perceived work environments, as assessed by the KEYS scales, discriminate between high-crea...
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作者：Drazin, R; Schoonhoven, CB
作者单位：Dartmouth College
摘要：Two distinct themes emerge from the Special Research Forum on Innovation and Organizations. One group of articles develops an expanded view of the influence of context on organizations' ability to innovate. Together, the articles offer a complex multilevel view of context as including elements ranging from the dominant strategy of an organization to the social-psychological antecedents of creativity. A second group of articles provides a community and population perspective on the diffusion of...
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作者：Hitt, MA; Hoskisson, RE; Johnson, RA; Moesel, DD
作者单位：University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; Lehigh University
摘要：This research examines an integrated theoretical model that explains how strategies for participating in the market for corporate control (acquisitions and divestitures) affect internal control mechanisms and, together, influence internal and external innovation. Nine out of ten hypotheses received support, with results showing that firms engaging in acquisitions and divestitures emphasize financial controls, deemphasize strategic controls, and thereby produce less internal innovation. Further...
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作者：Baum, JAC; Oliver, C
作者单位：York University - Canada
摘要：In this study, we demonstrate how the ecological and institutional characteristics of organizational niches affect the likelihood of organizational foundings. We describe and measure key ecological, institutional, organizational, and spatial properties of organizational niches. Our theoretical framework emphasizes how the effects of ecological and institutional processes vary both within and between nonprofit and for-profit sectors and across levels of geographic aggregation. An analysis of da...
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作者：Nohria, N; Gulati, R
作者单位：Northwestern University
摘要：This article suggests that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between slack and innovation in organizations: both too much and too little slack may be detrimental to innovation. Two related mechanisms governing this relationship are proposed: Slack fosters greater experimentation but also diminishing discipline over innovative projects, resulting in the hypothesized curvilinear relationship. Comprehensive worldwide data on 264 functional departments of two multinational corporations sup...
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作者：Usher, JM; Evans, MG
作者单位：University of Toronto
摘要：Despite the topic's centrality to theorizing in organizational ecology, no study has examined in detail how founding, failure, and transformation events combine over time to achieve population-level change. We examined Darwinian and Lamarckian processes of population reconfiguration within the gasoline retail industry at two nested levels of analysis, studying both individual outlets and parent companies. Our findings demonstrate how Darwinian processes at the unit (outlet) level may lead to L...
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作者：Swaminathan, A
摘要：Unobserved heterogeneity in organizational frailty and population level learning suggest a particular relationship between environmental conditions at founding and organizational mortality. Organizations founded in adverse environments experience higher initial mortality rates. However, beyond a certain age, survivors among such organizations have mortality rates that are lower than those of organizations founded in less adverse environments. These predictions are supported in analyses of the ...
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作者：Lomi, A; Larsen, ER
摘要：We present a computational model of organizational evolution according to which the global dynamics of organizational populations emerge from simple rules of local interaction among individual organizations. Under a variety of simulated evolutionary conditions, the model's behavior is in qualitative agreement with empirical observations of actual organizational populations. Estimates on the synthetic data are compared with those obtained by empirical studies of founding processes. The key insi...
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作者：Lawless, MW; Anderson, PC
作者单位：Dartmouth College; Duke University
摘要：We tested the effects of innovation and market complexity on firm performance. Generational technological change-a major advance within a technology regime-fosters the emergence of niches and local rivalry. Findings hom the U.S. microcomputer industry between 1982 and 1991 suggest accelerated markets reward innovativeness that differentiates firms within a niche but not across niches. Changing niches confers a short-term penalty. Strong performers adopt new technology quickly, without changing...
