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作者：Brooks, Leah; Phillips, Justin; Sinitsyn, Maxim
作者单位：University of Toronto; Columbia University; McGill University
摘要：Our model illustrates how political institutions trade off between the competing goals of representation and governance, where governance is the responsiveness of an institution to a single pivotal voter. We use exogenous variation from the 30-year history of the federal Community Development Block Grant program to identify this trade-off. Cities with more representative governments-those with larger city councils-use more grant funds to supplement city revenues rather than implementing tax cu...
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作者：Luttmer, Erzo F. P.; Singhal, Monica
作者单位：Dartmouth College; Harvard University
摘要：Is culture an important determinant of preferences for redistribution? To separate culture from the economic and institutional environment (context), we relate immigrants' redistributive preferences to the average preference in their birth countries. We find a strong positive relationship that is robust to rich controls for economic factors and cannot easily be explained by selective migration. This effect is as large as that of own household income and appears stronger for those less assimila...
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作者：Oreopoulos, Philip
作者单位：University of Toronto; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR)
摘要：Thousands of randomly manipulated resumes were sent in response to online job postings in Toronto to investigate why immigrants, allowed in based on skill, struggle in the labor market. The study finds substantial discrimination across a variety of occupations towards applicants with foreign experience or those with Indian, Pakistani, Chinese, and Greek names compared with English names. Listing language fluency, multinational firm experience, education from highly selective schools, or active...
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作者：Aguila, Emma
作者单位：RAND Corporation
摘要：Aging populations are leading countries worldwide to social security reforms. Many countries are moving from pay-as-you-go to personal retirement account (PRA) systems because of their financial sustainability and positive impact on private savings. PRA systems boost private savings at a macro level by converting a government liability into financial wealth managed by private fund managers. However, at a micro level, changes in retirement wealth affect individuals' saving and consumption patte...
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作者：Egger, Peter; Larch, Mario; Staub, Kevin E.; Winkelmann, Rainer
作者单位：Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Oxford; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Bayreuth; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Bayreuth; University of Zurich; University of Zurich
摘要：Structural new trade theory models have never been used to evaluate and quantify the role of preferential trade agreement (PTA) membership for trade in a way which is consistent with general equilibrium. Apart from filling this gap, the present paper aims at delivering an empirical model which takes into account both that PTA membership is endogenous and that the world matrix of bilateral trade flows contains numerous zero entries. These features are treated in an encompassing way by means of ...
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作者：Havnes, Tarjei; Mogstad, Magne
作者单位：University of Oslo; Statistics Norway
摘要：Many developed countries are currently considering a move toward subsidized, widely accessible child care or preschool. However, studies on how large-scale provision of child care affects child development are scarce, and focused on short-run outcomes. We analyze a large-scale expansion of subsidized child care in Norway, addressing the impact on children's long-run outcomes. Our precise and robust difference-in-differences estimates show that subsidized child care had strong positive effects ...
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作者：Kleven, Henrik Jacobsen; Kopczuk, Wojciech
作者单位：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：We model complexity in social programs as a by-product of the screening process. While a more rigorous screening process may improve targeting efficiency, the associated complexity is costly to applicants and induces incomplete take-up. We integrate the study of take-up with the study of rejection (Type I) and award (Type II) errors, and characterize optimal programs when policy makers choose screening intensity (and complexity), an eligibility rule, and a benefit level. Consistent with many r...
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作者：Gelber, Alexander M.
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper investigates the effect of 401(k) eligibility on saving. To address the possibility that eligibility correlates across individuals with their unobserved tastes for saving, I examine a change in eligibility: some individuals are initially ineligible for their 401(k) but become eligible when they have worked at their firm long enough. I find that eligibility raises 401(k) balances. Other financial assets and net worth respond insignificantly to eligibility, but the confidence interval...
