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作者：Almond, Douglas; Doyle, Joseph J., Jr.
作者单位：Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Columbia University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：Estimates of moral hazard in health insurance markets can be confounded by adverse selection. This paper considers a plausibly exogenous source of variation in insurance coverage for childbirth in California. We find that additional health insurance coverage induces substantial extensions in length of hospital stay for mother and newborn. However, remaining in the hospital longer has no effect on readmissions or mortality, and the estimates are precise. Our results suggest that for uncomplicat...
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作者：Carrell, Scott E.; Maghakian, Teny; West, James E.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Davis; National Bureau of Economic Research; United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force; United States Air Force Academy
摘要：Recent sleep research finds that many adolescents are sleep-deprived because of both early school start times and changing sleep patterns during the teen years. This study identifies the causal effect of school start time on academic achievement by using two policy changes in the daily schedule at the US Air Force Academy along with the randomized placement of freshman students to courses and instructors. Results show that starting the school day 50 minutes later has a significant positive eff...
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作者：Carpenter, Christopher; Postolek, Sabina; Warman, Casey
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Irvine; Queens University - Canada
摘要：Public-place smoking restrictions are the most important non-price tobacco control measures worldwide, yet surprisingly little is known about their effects on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We study these laws in Canada using data with questions about respondents' ETS exposure in public and private places. In fixed effects models we find these laws had no effects on smoking but induced large and statistically significant reductions in public-place ETS exposure, especially in ba...
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作者：Gagliarducci, Stefano; Nannicini, Tommaso; Naticchioni, Paolo
作者单位：University of Rome Tor Vergata; Bocconi University; University of Cassino
摘要：Theory predicts that the majoritarian electoral system should produce more targeted redistribution and lower rents than proportional representation. We test these predictions using data on the Italian House of Representatives, and address the nonrandom selection into different systems exploiting one feature of the two-tier elections between 1994-2001: candidates could run for both the majoritarian and proportional tier, but if they won in both they had to accept the majoritarian seat. Focusing...
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作者：Diamond, Peter; Spinnewijn, Johannes
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：With heterogeneity in both skills and discount factors, the Atkinson-Stiglitz theorem that savings should not be taxed does not hold. In a model with heterogeneity of preferences at each earnings level, introducing a savings tax on high earners or a savings subsidy on low earners increases welfare, regardless of the correlation between ability and discount factor. Extending Emmanuel Saez (2002), a uniform savings tax increases welfare if that correlation is sufficiently high. Key for the resul...
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作者：Bifulco, Robert; Fletcher, Jason M.; Ross, Stephen L.
作者单位：Syracuse University; Yale University; University of Connecticut
摘要：This paper uses a within-school/across-cohort design to present new evidence of the effects of high school classmate characteristics on a wide range of post-secondary outcomes. We find that increases in the percent of classmates with college-educated mothers decreases the likelihood of dropping out and increases the likelihood of attending college, despite showing no impact on a range of in-school achievement, attitudes, and behaviors. The percent of students from disadvantaged minority groups...
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作者：Saiz, Albert; Wachter, Susan
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania
摘要：Within metropolitan areas, neighborhoods of growing immigrant settlement are becoming relatively less desirable to natives. We deploy a geographic diffusion model to instrument for the growth of immigrant density in a neighborhood. Our approach deals explicitly with potential unobservable shocks that may be correlated with proximity to immigrant enclaves. The evidence is consistent with a causal interpretation of an impact from growing immigrant density to native flight and relatively slower h...
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作者：Milligan, Kevin; Stabile, Mark
作者单位：University of British Columbia; University of Toronto; University of Toronto
摘要：We exploit changes in child benefits in Canada to study the impact of family income on child and family well-being. Using variation in child benefits across province, time, and family type, we study outcomes spanning test scores, mental health, physical health, and deprivation measures. The findings suggest that child benefit programs had significant positive effects on test scores, maternal health, and mental health, among other measures. We find strong and interesting differences in the effe...
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作者：Engelhardt, Gary V.; Gruber, Jonathan
作者单位：Syracuse University; Syracuse University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：We examine the impact of the expansion of public prescription-drug insurance coverage from Medicare Part D and find evidence of substantial crowd-out. Using the 2002-2007 waves of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we estimate the extension of Part D benefits resulted in 75 percent crowd-out of both prescription-drug insurance coverage and expenditures of those 65 and older. Part D is associated with sizeable reductions in out-of-pocket spending, much of which has accrued to a small proport...
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作者：Tufano, Peter
作者单位：University of Oxford; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper reports the results of a 2007 experiment testing whether specific process simplification can foster increased take-up rates for savings products, particularly by low-to-moderate income (LMI) households. Tax refund recipients at certain H&R Block tax preparation offices were given the option to purchase US Savings Bonds with their tax refunds, augmenting the tax-site savings options offered by H&R Block. Those who received the savings bond offer were substantially more likely to purc...
