-
作者：Inderbitzin, Lukas; Staubli, Stefan; Zweimueller, Josef
作者单位：University of St Gallen; University of Calgary; IZA Institute Labor Economics; University of Zurich; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：We explore how extended unemployment insurance (UI) benefits for older workers affect early retirement and welfare. We argue that extending UI benefits generates program complementarity (more labor market exits and disability benefit take-up in the future) and program substitution (less disability benefit take-up in the present). Exploiting a policy change in Austria, which extended UI benefits to 4 years, we find program complementarity effects for workers aged 50+ and program substitution ef...
-
作者：Krueger, Alan B.; Mueller, Andreas I.
作者单位：Princeton University; Columbia University
摘要：This paper provides evidence on the behavior of reservation wages over the spell of unemployment, using high-frequency longitudinal data on unemployed workers in New Jersey. In comparison to a calibrated job search model, the reservation wage starts out too high and declines too slowly, on average, suggesting that many workers persistently misjudge their prospects or anchor their reservation wage on their previous wage. The longitudinal nature of the data also allows for testing the relationsh...
-
作者：Boehringer, Christoph; Carbone, Jared C.; Rutherford, Thomas F.
作者单位：Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg; Colorado School of Mines; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：We ask whether the threat of carbon tariffs might lower the cost of reductions in world carbon emissions by inducing unregulated regions to adopt emission controls. We use a numerical model to generate payoffs of a game in which a coalition regulates emissions and chooses whether to employ carbon tariffs against unregulated regions. Unregulated regions respond by abating, retaliating, or ignoring the tariffs. In the Nash equilibrium, the use of tariffs is a credible and effective threat. It in...
-
作者：Hanna, Rema; Duflo, Esther; Greenstone, Michael
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Chicago
摘要：Laboratory studies suggest that improved cooking stoves can reduce indoor air pollution, improve health, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. We provide evidence, from a large-scale randomized trial in India, on the benefits of a common, laboratory-validated stove with a four-year follow-up. While smoke inhalation initially falls, this effect disappears by year two. We find no changes across health outcomes or greenhouse gas emissions. Households used the stoves irreg...
-
作者：Bayer, Patrick; Ferreira, Fernando; Ross, Stephen L.
作者单位：Duke University; University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Connecticut
摘要：This paper examines mortgage outcomes for a large sample of individual home purchases and refinances linked to credit scores in seven major US markets. Among those with similar credit scores and loan attributes, black and Hispanic homeowners had much higher rates of delinquency and default in the downturn. These estimated differences are especially pronounced for loans originated near the peak of the housing boom. These findings suggest that black and Hispanic homeowners drawn into the market ...
-
作者：Einav, Liran; Finkelstein, Amy; Williams, Heidi
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：We present a simple graphical framework to illustrate the potential welfare gains from a top-up health insurance policy requiring patients to pay the incremental price for more expensive treatment options. We apply this framework to breast cancer treatments, where lumpectomy with radiation therapy is more expensive than mastectomy but generates similar average health benefits. We estimate the relative demand for lumpectomy using variation in distance to the nearest radiation facility, and esti...
-
作者：Johnson, Erin M.; Rehavi, M. Marit
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of British Columbia
摘要：This paper provides new evidence on the interaction between patient information and physician financial incentives. Using rich microdata on childbirth, we compare the treatment of physicians when they are patients with that of comparable nonphysicians. We also exploit the presence of HMO-owned hospitals to determine how the treatment gap varies with providers' financial incentives. Consistent with induced demand, physicians are approximately 10 percent less likely to receive a C-section, with ...
-
作者：Markussen, Simen; Roed, Knut
摘要：We evaluate a comprehensive activation program in Norway targeted at hard-to-employ social assistance claimants with reduced work capacity. The program offers a combination of tailored rehabilitation, training, and job practice, and a generous, stable, and non-means-tested benefit. Its primary aims are to mitigate poverty and subsequently promote self-supporting employment. Our evaluation strategy exploits a geographically staggered program introduction, and the causal effects are identified o...
-
作者：Murray, Fiona; Aghion, Philippe; Dewatripont, Mathias; Kolev, Julian; Stern, Scott
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; European Central Bank; National Bank of Belgium; Southern Methodist University
摘要：This paper argues that openness, by lowering costs to access existing research, can enhance both early and late stage innovation through greater exploration of novel research directions. We examine a natural experiment in openness: late-1990s NIH agreements that reduced academics' access costs regarding certain genetically engineered mice. Implementing difference-in-differences estimators, we find that increased openness encourages entry by new researchers and exploration of more diverse resea...
