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作者：Boehringer, Christoph; Carbone, Jared C.; Rutherford, Thomas F.
作者单位：Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg; Colorado School of Mines; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：We ask whether the threat of carbon tariffs might lower the cost of reductions in world carbon emissions by inducing unregulated regions to adopt emission controls. We use a numerical model to generate payoffs of a game in which a coalition regulates emissions and chooses whether to employ carbon tariffs against unregulated regions. Unregulated regions respond by abating, retaliating, or ignoring the tariffs. In the Nash equilibrium, the use of tariffs is a credible and effective threat. It in...
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作者：Hanna, Rema; Duflo, Esther; Greenstone, Michael
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Chicago
摘要：Laboratory studies suggest that improved cooking stoves can reduce indoor air pollution, improve health, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. We provide evidence, from a large-scale randomized trial in India, on the benefits of a common, laboratory-validated stove with a four-year follow-up. While smoke inhalation initially falls, this effect disappears by year two. We find no changes across health outcomes or greenhouse gas emissions. Households used the stoves irreg...
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作者：Bitler, Marianne P.; Carpenter, Christopher S.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Davis; Vanderbilt University
摘要：We examine the effects of state health insurance mandates requiring coverage of screening mammograms. We find evidence that mammography mandates significantly increased mammography screenings by 4.5-25 percent. Effects are larger for women with less than a high school degree in states that ban deductibles, a policy similar to a provision of federal health reform that eliminates cost-sharing for preventive care. We also find that mandates increased detection of early stage in-situ precancers. F...
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作者：Burke, Marshall; Emerick, Kyle
作者单位：Stanford University; Stanford University; Tufts University
摘要：Understanding the potential impacts of climate change on economic outcomes requires knowing how agents might adapt to a changing climate. We exploit large variation in recent temperature and precipitation trends to identify adaptation to climate change in US agriculture, and use this information to generate new estimates of the potential impact of future climate change on agricultural outcomes. Longer run adaptations appear to have mitigated less than half-and more likely none-of the large neg...
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作者：Mironov, Maxim; Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina
作者单位：IE University; Paris School of Economics
摘要：We provide evidence of corruption in allocation of public procurement and assess its efficiency. Firms with procurement revenue increase tunneling around regional elections, whereas neither tunneling of firms without procurement revenue, nor legitimate business of firms with procurement exhibits a political cycle. Data are consistent with the corruption channel-cash is tunneled to politicians in exchange for procurement contracts-and inconsistent with alternative channels. Using the strength o...
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作者：Bayer, Patrick; Ferreira, Fernando; Ross, Stephen L.
作者单位：Duke University; University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Connecticut
摘要：This paper examines mortgage outcomes for a large sample of individual home purchases and refinances linked to credit scores in seven major US markets. Among those with similar credit scores and loan attributes, black and Hispanic homeowners had much higher rates of delinquency and default in the downturn. These estimated differences are especially pronounced for loans originated near the peak of the housing boom. These findings suggest that black and Hispanic homeowners drawn into the market ...
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作者：Einav, Liran; Finkelstein, Amy; Williams, Heidi
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：We present a simple graphical framework to illustrate the potential welfare gains from a top-up health insurance policy requiring patients to pay the incremental price for more expensive treatment options. We apply this framework to breast cancer treatments, where lumpectomy with radiation therapy is more expensive than mastectomy but generates similar average health benefits. We estimate the relative demand for lumpectomy using variation in distance to the nearest radiation facility, and esti...
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作者：Johnson, Erin M.; Rehavi, M. Marit
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of British Columbia
摘要：This paper provides new evidence on the interaction between patient information and physician financial incentives. Using rich microdata on childbirth, we compare the treatment of physicians when they are patients with that of comparable nonphysicians. We also exploit the presence of HMO-owned hospitals to determine how the treatment gap varies with providers' financial incentives. Consistent with induced demand, physicians are approximately 10 percent less likely to receive a C-section, with ...
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作者：Levitt, Steven D.; List, John A.; Neckermann, Susanne; Sadoff, Sally
作者单位：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：We explore the power of behavioral economics to influence the level of effort exerted by students in a low stakes testing environment. We find a substantial impact on test scores from incentives when the rewards are delivered immediately. There is suggestive evidence that rewards framed as losses outperform those framed as gains. Nonfinancial incentives can be considerably more cost-effective than financial incentives for younger students, but are less effective with older students. All motiva...
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作者：Chang, Tom; Zivin, Joshua Graff; Gross, Tal; Neidell, Matthew
作者单位：University of Southern California; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Columbia University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We study the effect of outdoor air pollution on the productivity of indoor workers at a pear-packing factory. Increases in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a pollutant that readily penetrates indoors, leads to significant decreases in productivity, with effects arising at levels below air quality standards. In contrast, pollutants that do not travel indoors, such as ozone, have little, if any, effect on productivity. This effect of outdoor pollution on indoor worker productivity suggests an ov...
