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作者：Batty, Michael; Ippolito, Benedic
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
摘要：State laws that limit how much hospitals are paid by uninsured patients provide a unique opportunity to study how financial incentives of health care providers affect the care they deliver. We estimate the laws reduce payments from uninsured patients by 25-30percent. Even though the uninsured represent a small portion of their business, hospitals respond by decreasing the amount of care delivered to these patients, without measurable effects on a broad set of quality metrics. The results show ...
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作者：Dafny, Leemore; Ody, Christopher; Schmitt, Matt
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
摘要：Branded pharmaceutical manufacturers frequently offer copay coupons that insulate consumers from cost-sharing,thereby undermining insurers' ability to influence drug utilization. We study the impact of copay coupons on branded drugs first facing generic entry between 2007 and 2010. To overcome endogeneity concerns, we exploit cross-state and cross-consumer variation in coupon legality. We find that coupons increase branded sales by 60+ percent, entirely by reducing the sales of bioequivalent g...
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作者：Yurukoglu, Ali; Liebman, Eli; Ridley, David B.
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Duke University; Duke University
摘要：Beginning in the mid-2000s, the incidence of drug shortages rose, especially for generic injectable drugs such as anesthetics and chemotherapy treatments. We examine whether reimbursement changes contributed to the shortages, focusing on a reduction in Medicare Part B reimbursement to providers for drugs. We hypothesize that lower reimbursement put downward pressure on manufacturers' prices, which reduced manufacturers' incentives to invest in capacity, reliability, and new launches. We show t...
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作者：Leduc, Sylvain; Wilson, Daniel
作者单位：Bank of Canada; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - San Francisco
摘要：This paper examines how state governments adjusted spending in response to the large temporary increase in federal highway grants under the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). The mechanism used to apportion ARRA highway grants to states allows one to isolate exogenous changes in these grants. The results indicate that states increased highway spending over 2009 to 2011 more than dollar-for-dollar with the ARRA grants they received. Rent-seeking efforts are shown to help explai...
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作者：Palguta, Jan; Pertold, Filip
作者单位：Czech Academy of Sciences; Economics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Charles University Prague
摘要：We present evidence of how policies that create opportunities to avoid open competition in procurement lead to the manipulation of procurement values. We exploit a policy reform in which public bodies were given the autonomy to preselect potential contractors below newly defined discretionary thresholds. Manipulation is revealed through bunching of procurements just below the thresholds in construction works and services, and to a lesser degree, in goods. Among manipulated contracts, we docume...
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作者：Peck, Jennifer R.
作者单位：Swarthmore College
摘要：This paper studies the effects of quota-based labor regulations on firms in the context of Saudi Arabia's Nitaqat program, which imposed quotas for Saudi hiring at private firms. I use a comprehensive firm-level administrative dataset and exploit kinks in hiring incentives generated by the quotas to estimate the effects of this policy. I find that the program increased native employment at substantial cost to firms, as demonstrated by increasing exit rates and decreasing total employment at su...
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作者：Gillitzer, Christian
作者单位：Reserve Bank of Australia
摘要：This paper shows that an economic slump can induce a government to invest in fiscal capacity. Large negative income shocks stress the revenue-raising capability of narrow tax bases, making an increase in tax base breadth desirable relative to its fixed implementation cost. A broader tax base enables revenue to be raised at lower tax rates, and so lower deadweight loss. The behavior of US state governments during the Great Depression supports the model: states experiencing larger than average n...
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作者：Hoekstra, Mark; Orozco-Aleman, Sandra
作者单位：Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Mississippi State University
摘要：A critical immigration policy question is whether state and federal policy can deter undocumented workers from entering the United States. We examine whether Arizona SB 1070, arguably the most restrictive and controversial state immigration law ever passed, deterred entry into Arizona. We do so by exploiting a unique dataset from a survey of undocumented workers passing through Mexican border towns on their way to the United States. Results indicate the bill's passage reduced the flow of undoc...
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作者：Dague, Laura; DeLeire, Thomas; Leininger, Lindsey
作者单位：Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Georgetown University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Mathematica
摘要：This study provides plausibly causal estimates of the effect of public insurance coverage on the employment of non-elderly, nondisabled adults without dependent children (childlessadults). We take advantage of the sudden imposition of an enrollment cap in Wisconsin, comparing the labor supply of enrollees to eligible applicants placed on a waitlist using a regression discontinuity design and difference-in-differences methods. We find enrollment into public insurance leads to sizable and statis...
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作者：Bushnell, James B.; Holland, Stephen P.; Hughes, Jonathan E.; Knittel, Christopher R.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Davis; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Greensboro; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：The EPA's Clean Power Plan sets goals for CO2 emissions rate reductions by 2030 that vary substantially across states. States can choose the regulatory mechanism they use and whether or not to join with other states in implementing their goals. We analyze incentives to adopt rate standards versus cap-and-trade with theory and simulation. We show conditions where adoption of inefficient rate standards is a dominant strategy from both consumers' and generators' perspectives. Numerical simulation...
