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• The Political Boundaries of Ethnic Divisions AI翻译
  作者：Bazzi, Samuel; Gudgeon, Matthew
  作者单位：Boston University; United States Military Academy; United States Department of Defense; United States Army
  摘要：We use a policy experiment in Indonesia to show how local political boundaries affect ethnic tension. Redrawing district borders along group lines reduces conflict. However, the gains in stability are undone or even reversed when new boundaries increase ethnic polarization. Greater polarization leads to more violence around majoritarian elections but has little effect around lower-stakes, proportional representation elections. These results point to distinct incentives for violence in winner-t...
• Going Beneath the Surface: Petroleum Pollution. Regulation. and Health AI翻译
  作者：Marcus, Michelle
  作者单位：Vanderbilt University
  摘要：This paper quantifies the health impacts of petroleum leaks from underground storage tanks, the effectiveness of tank regulation, and the role of information as a policy tool in the same setting. Exposure to a leaking underground storage tank during gestation increases both the probability of low birthweight and preterm birth by 7-8 percent. Compliance with regulations requiring the adoption of preventative technologies mitigated the entire effect of leak exposure on low birthweight, and infor...
• Gambling. Saving, and Lumpy Liquidity Needs AI翻译
  作者：Herskowitz, Sylvan
  作者单位：CGIAR; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
  摘要：I present evidence that unmet liquidity needs for indivisible, lumpy, expenditures increase demand for betting as a second-best method of liquidity generation in the presence of financial constraints. With a sample of 1,708 sports bettors in Kampala, Uganda, I show that participants' targeted payouts are linked to anticipated expenditures, while winnings increase lumpy expenditures disproportionately. I show that a randomized savings treatment decreases demand for betting. And I use two lab-in...
• Turbulence. Firm Decentralization. and Growth in Bad Times AI翻译
  作者：Aghion, Philippe; Bloom, Nicholas; Lucking, Brian; Sadun, Raffaella; Van Reenen, John
  作者单位：Universite PSL; College de France; Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Harvard University; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
  摘要：What is the optimal form of firm organization during bad times? The greater turbulence following macro shocks may benefit decentralized firms because the value of local information increases (the localist view). On the other hand, the need to make tough decisions may favor centralized firms (the centralist view). Using two large micro datasets on decentralization in firms in ten OECD countries (WMS) and US establishments (MOPS administrative data), we find that firms that delegated more power ...
• The Black-White Gap in Noncognitive Skills among Elementary School Children AI翻译
  作者：Elder, Todd; Zhou, Yuqing
  作者单位：Michigan State University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
  摘要：Using two nationally representative datasets, we find large differences between Black and White children in teacher-reported measures of noncognitive skills. We show that teacher reports understate true Black-White skill gaps because of reference bias: teachers appear to rate children relative to others in the same school, and Black students have lower-skilled classmates on average than do White students. We pursue three approaches to addressing these reference biases. Each approach nearly dou...
• Older Yet Fairer: How Extended Reproductive Time Horizons Reshaped Marriage Patterns in Israel AI翻译
  作者：Gershoni, Naomi; Low, Corinne
  作者单位：Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; University of Pennsylvania
  摘要：Israel's 1994 adoption of free in vitro fertilization (IVF) provides a natural experiment for how fertility time horizons impact women's marriage timing and other outcomes. We find a substantial increase in average age at first marriage following the policy change, using both men and Arab-Israeli women as comparison groups. This shift appears to be driven by both increased marriages by older women and younger women delaying marriage. Age at first birth also increased. Placebo and robustness ch...
• A Dose of Managed Care: Controlling Drug Spending in Medicaid AI翻译
  作者：Dranove, David; Ody, Christopher; Starc, Amanda
  作者单位：Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Analysis Group Inc.
  摘要：We study the effect of privatizing Medicaid drug benefits on drug prices and utilization. Drug spending would decrease by 21.3 percent if private insurers administered all drug benefits. One-third of the decrease is driven by private insurers' ability to negotiate prices with pharmacies. The remaining two-thirds is driven by the greater use of lower cost drugs, such as generics, and is only realized in states that give private insurers the flexibility to design drug benefits. Privatization doe...
• Poverty and Migration in the Digital Age: Experimental Evidence on Mobile Banking in Bangladesh AI翻译
  作者：Lee, Jean N.; Morduch, Jonathan; Ravindran, Saravana; Abu Shonchoy; Zaman, Hassan
  作者单位：The World Bank; New York University; National University of Singapore; State University System of Florida; Florida International University
  摘要：Rapid urbanization is reshaping economies and intensifying spatial inequalities. In Bangladesh, we experimentally introduced mobile banking to very poor rural households and family members who had migrated to the city, testing whether mobile technology can reduce inequality by modernizing traditional ways to transfer money. One year later, for active mobile banking users, urban-to-rural remittances increased by 26 percent of the baseline mean. Rural consumption increased by 7.5 percent, and ex...