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作者：Scheuer, Florian; Smetters, Kent
作者单位：University of Zurich; University of Pennsylvania
摘要：We document that states that experienced website glitches in the ACA's first year faced higher average costs that persisted into future years. These dynamics are inconsistent with the standard strategic-pricing model, which requires non-localized common knowledge about market conditions, but are consistent with price-taking. Initial conditions can have a permanent effect-including convergence to a Pareto-dominated, stable equilibrium-under conditions that we show are plausible in this setting....
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作者：Jackson, Kirabo; Makarin, Alexey
作者单位：Northwestern University; Northwestern University
摘要：Many websites now warehouse instructional materials designed to be taught by teachers in a traditional classroom. What are the potential benefits of the new resources? We analyze an experiment in which we randomly give middle school math teachers access to existing high-quality, off-the-shelf lessons, and in some cases, support to promote their use. Teachers receiving access alone increased students' math achievement by a marginally significant 0.06 of a standard deviation. Teachers who receiv...
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作者：Alfaro, Laura; Chen, Maggie X.
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; George Washington University
摘要：Assessing productivity gains front multinational production has been a vital topic of economic research and policy debate. Positive productivity gains are often attributed to productivity spillovers; however, an alternative, much less emphasized channel is selection and market reallocation., whereby competition leads to factor and revenue reallocation within and between domestic firms and exits of the least productive firms. We investigate the roles of these different mechanisms in determining...
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作者：Martinelli, Cesar; Parker, Susan W.; Perez-Gea, Ana Cristina; Rodrigo, Rodimiro
作者单位：George Mason University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Centro de Investigacion y Docencia Economicas A.C. (CIDE); New York University; Georgetown University
摘要：We use a database generated by a policy intervention that incentivized learning as measured by standardized exams to investigate empirically the relationship between cheating by students and cash incentives to students and teachers. We adapt methods from the education measurement literature to calculate the extent of cheating and show that cheating is more prevalent under treatments that provide monetary incentives to students (versus no incentives or incentives only to teachers). We provide e...
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作者：Knittel, Christopher R.; Sandler, Ryan
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：When consumers or firms don't face the true social cost of their actions, market outcomes are inefficient. In the case of negative externalities, Pigouvian taxes are one way to correct this market failure, but it may be infeasible to tax the externality directly. The alternative, taxing a related product, will be second-best. In this paper, we show that in the presence of heterogeneous externalities and elasticities, this type of indirect tax performs poorly. In our empirical application, gaso...
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作者：Armour, Philip
作者单位：RAND Corporation
摘要：This paper exploits a natural experiment in information provision on US Disability Insurance (DI) applications: the Social Security statement. Although the effect of the statement on DI application was negligible in the general health and retirement study population, among those previously reporting a work limitation, biennial DI application rates approximately doubled. This effect was driven by previously uninformed individuals. Additional analyses show these were new applicants and were no l...
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作者：Munch, Jakob; Schaur, Georg
作者单位：University of Copenhagen; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
摘要：Most countries promote exports. This paper answers two questions: Does export promotion improve firm performance, and do any benefits outweigh costs? We solve self-selection problems by accounting for an extensive set of firm characteristics. In addition, we distinguish firms that - self-selected into promotion services from firms the Danish Trade Council approached based on observed information. We find that export promotion increases sales, value added, employment, and value added per worker...
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作者：Einav, Liran; Finkelstein, Amy; Polyakova, Maria
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Stanford University
摘要：We explore how private drug plans set cost sharing in the context of Medicare Part D. While publicly provided drug coverage typically involves uniform cost sharing across drugs, we document substantial heterogeneity in the cost sharing for different drugs within privately provided plans. We also document that private plans systematically set higher consumer cost sharing for drugs or classes associated with more elastic demand; to do so, we estimate price elasticities of demand across more than...
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作者：Grigolon, Laura; Reynaert, Mathias; Verboven, Frank
作者单位：McMaster University; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse 1 Capitole; Toulouse School of Economics; KU Leuven; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：To what extent do car buyers undervalue future fuel costs, and what does this imply for tax policy? To address both questions, we show it is crucial to account for consumer mileage heterogeneity. We use product-level data for a panel of European countries and exploit fuel cost variation by engine. Despite a modest undervaluation of fuel costs, fuel taxes are more effective in reducing fuel usage than product taxes. They also perform better in terms of welfare, even when usage demand is held fi...
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作者：Murphy, Alvin
作者单位：Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
摘要：This paper estimates a dynamic microeconometric model of housing supply. The model features forward-looking landowners who optimally choose both the timing and the nature of construction while taking into account expectations about future prices and costs. The model is estimated using a unique dataset describing individual landowners in the San Francisco Bay Area. Results indicate that geographic and time-series variation in costs are key to understanding where and when construction occurs. Pr...
