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作者：Bergolo, Marcelo; Ceni, Rodrigo; Cruces, Guillermo; Giaccobasso, Matias; Perez-Truglia, Ricardo
作者单位：Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay; Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); National University of La Plata; University of Nottingham; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：The canonical model of Allingham and Sandmo (1972) predicts that firms evade taxes by optimally trading off between the costs and ben-efits of evasion. However, there is no direct evidence that firms react to audits in this way. We conducted a large-scale field experiment in collaboration with a tax authority to address this question. We sent letters to 20,440 small-and medium-sized firms that collectively paid more than US$200 million in taxes per year. We find that providing information abou...
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作者：Cao, Yiming; Fisman, Raymond; Lin, Hui; Wang, Yongxiang
作者单位：Boston University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Nanjing University; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen; Shanghai Jiao Tong University
摘要：We study how Chinese state bank managers'lending incentives impact lending to state-owned enterprises (SOEs). We show lending quantity increases and quality decreases at month's end, indicating monthly lending targets that decrease lending standards. Increased quantity comes from both SOEs and private lending, whereas decreased qual-ity is from only SOEs, which continue to receive loans even after prior defaults (particularly at month's end). We suggest that SOE lending may thus be beneficial ...
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作者：De Giorgi, Giacomo; Drenik, Andres; Seira, Enrique
作者单位：University of Geneva; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
摘要：Nonexclusive sequential borrowing can increase default and impose externalities on prior lenders. We document that sequential banking is pervasive with substantial effects. Using credit card applications from a large bank and data on the applicants' entire loan portfo-lios, we find that an additional credit line causes a 5.9 percentage point decline in default for high-score borrowers on previous loans. However, for low-score borrowers, it causes a 19 percentage point increase. The former use ...
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作者：Goodman, Lucas; Patel, Elena; Saunders-Scott, Molly
作者单位：United States Department of the Treasury; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Congressional Budget Office
摘要：We study tax loss asymmetry for S corporate owners. These own-ers use most losses contemporaneously, reducing the tax asymmetry compared to C corporations. However, these owners face distor-tions due to the progressive individual tax schedule. The value of this asymmetry is approximately $3.5 billion per year. We find that this asymmetry creates disincentives for risky investment and causes allocative inefficiencies among loss and gains owners. Finally, we simulate the effects of certain provi...
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作者：Dupas, Pascaline; Nhlema, Basimenye; Wagner, Zachary; Wolf, Aaron; Wroe, Emily
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; Adventist Health Services; AdventHealth; Mass General Brigham; RAND Corporation; Northwestern University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
摘要：Data from an 18-month randomized trial show large and sustained impacts on water purification and child health of a program pro-viding monthly coupons for free water treatment solution to house-holds with young children. The program is more effective and much more cost effective than asking Community Health Workers (CHWs) to distribute free chlorine to households during routine monthly visits. This is because only 40 percent of households use free chlo-rine, targeting through CHWs is worse tha...
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作者：Gray, Colin; Leive, Adam; Prager, Elena; Pukelis, Kelsey; Zaki, Mary
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Harvard University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
摘要：Work requirements are common in US safety net programs. Evidence remains limited, however, on the extent to which work requirements increase economic self-sufficiency or screen out vulnerable individu-als. Using linked administrative data on food stamps (SNAP) and earn-ings with a regression discontinuity design, we find robust evidence that work requirements increase program exits by 23 percentage points (64 percent) among incumbent participants. Overall program partici-pation among adults wh...
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作者：Christensen, Peter; Keiser, David A.; Lade, Gabriel E.
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; Macalester College
摘要：In April 2014 Flint, Michigan switched its drinking water supply from the Detroit water system to the Flint River as a temporary means to save $5 million. Over 18 months it was revealed that the switch exposed residents to dangerous levels of lead, culminating in an emergency declaration in October 2015. This paper examines the impact of this crisis on the Flint housing market. The value of Flint's housing stock has fallen by $520 million to $559 million despite over $400 million in remediatio...
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作者：Beer, Sebastian; de Mooij, Ruud; Hebous, Shafik; Keen, Michael; Liu, Li
作者单位：University of Tokyo; Universite Clermont Auvergne (UCA)
摘要：Residual profit allocation (RPA) schemes have come to prominence in discussions of international tax reform but with almost nothing known about their economic impact. These schemes tax multina-tionals by allocating their routine profits to source countries and sharing their remaining residual profit across countries on some formulaic basis. This paper explores the implications, con-ceptual and empirical, of moving to some form of RPA. Residual profits are estimated to be substantial and concen...
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作者：Miller, Sarah; Wherry, Laura R.; Foster, Diana Greene
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; New York University; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
摘要：This paper evaluates the financial and economic consequences of being denied an abortion. We link credit report data to the Turnaway Study, which collected high-quality, longitudinal data on women receiving or being denied a wanted abortion in the United States. We compare financial outcomes over a ten-year period for women who had pregnancies just above and below a gestational age limit allowing for a wanted abortion. Outcomes evolved similarly for the two groups prior to the abortion encount...
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作者：Buchheim, Lukas; Watzinger, Martin
作者单位：Dortmund University of Technology; University of Munster
摘要：This paper estimates the causal impact of a sizable German pub-lic investment program on employment at the county level. The pro-gram focused on improving the energy efficiency of school buildings , making it possible to use the number of schools as an instrument for investments. It also enforced tight deadlines , reducing poten-tial implementation lags. The program was cost-effective , creating , on average , one job for one year for an investment of euro24,000. The employment gains are detec...
