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作者：Guriev, Sergei; Klimenko, Mikhail
作者单位：Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; Saint Petersburg State University
摘要：We use a dynamic incomplete contracting model to show that time structure of trade agreements is related to the characteristics of trade-facilitating investments. If these investments are specialised to trade in a particular homogeneous good, fixed-term agreements are more likely. Fixed-term agreements provide incentives for the initial investment but leave the parties the flexibility to revisit the need for future investment. If the agreement covers trade in multiple sectors or differentiated...
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作者：Pencavel, John
作者单位：Stanford University
摘要：Observations on munition workers, most of them women, are organised to examine the relationship between their output and their working hours. The relationship is non-linear: below an hour's threshold, output is proportional to hours; above a threshold, output rises at a decreasing rate as hours increase. Implications of this finding for the estimation of labour supply functions are considered. The findings also link up with the current research on the effects of long working hours on accidents...
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作者：Bloom, Nicholas; Lemos, Renata; Sadun, Raffaella; Van Reenen, John
作者单位：Stanford University; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Cambridge; Harvard University; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：We collect data on management practices in over 1,800 high schools in eight countries. We show that higher management quality is strongly associated with better educational outcomes. The UK, Sweden, Canada and the US obtain the highest management scores, followed by Germany, with a gap before Italy, Brazil and India. We also show that autonomous government schools (government funded but with substantial independence like UK academies and US charters) have higher management scores than regular ...
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作者：Adsera, Alicia; Pytlikova, Mariola
作者单位：Princeton University; Technical University of Ostrava
摘要：This article examines the importance of language in international migration from multiple angles by studying the role of linguistic proximity, widely spoken languages, linguistic enclaves and language-based immigration policy requirements. To this aim we collect a unique data set on immigration flows and stocks in 30 OECD destinations from all world countries over the period 1980-2010 and construct a set of linguistic proximity measures. Migration rates increase with linguistic proximity and w...
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作者：Barro, Robert J.
作者单位：Harvard University
摘要：In a country panel since 1960, the estimated annual convergence rate for GDP is 1.7%, conditional on time-varying explanatory variables. With country fixed effects, the estimated convergence rate is misleadingly high. With data starting in 1870, country fixed effects are reasonable and the estimated convergence rate is 2.6%. Combining the two estimates suggests conditional convergence close to the iron-law' rate of 2%. With post-1960 data, estimation without country fixed effects reveals posit...
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作者：Aghion, Philippe; Jaravel, Xavier
作者单位：Harvard University; Harvard University
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作者：Hjalmarsson, Randi; Holmlund, Helena; Lindquist, Matthew J.
作者单位：University of Gothenburg; University of London; Queen Mary University London; Stockholm University
摘要：This article studies the causal effect of educational attainment on conviction and incarceration using Sweden's compulsory schooling reform as an instrument for years of schooling and a 70% sample from Sweden's Multigenerational Register matched with more than 30years of administrative crime records. We find a significant negative effect of schooling on male convictions and incarceration; one additional year of schooling decreases the likelihood of conviction by 6.7% and incarceration by 15.5%...
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作者：Pinotti, Paolo
作者单位：Bocconi University
摘要：I examine the post-war economic development of two regions in southern Italy exposed to mafia activity after the 1970s and apply synthetic control methods to estimate their economic performance in the absence of organised crime. The comparison of actual and counterfactual development shows that the presence of mafia lowers GDP per capita by 16%. Evidence from electricity consumption and growth accounting suggests that lower GDP reflects a net loss of economic activity, due to the substitution ...
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作者：Breda, Thomas
作者单位：Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Paris School of Economics; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：This article identifies the wage premium associated with firm-level union recognition in France. An average premium of 2% is found despite the fact that most workers are already covered by industry-level agreements. To explore the origin of the premium, I construct a simple bargaining model from which I derive three predictions, which are tested empirically using matched employer-employee data. The main prediction is that if intra-firm bargaining is behind the union wage premium, the latter in...
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作者：Nakaguma, Marcos Yamada
作者单位：Universidade de Sao Paulo
摘要：This article proposes a model to study the main factors that influence the preferences of different population groups between presidential and parliamentary systems. Ceteris paribus, the poor groups in the population tend to prefer a presidential system relatively more than the rich, as the lower quality of their local accountability institutions (e.g. local media and judicial courts) makes them more vulnerable to the expropriation of rents by their legislators. The model is able to account fo...
