作者：Santa Clara University
作者：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; National Bureau of Economic Research
作者：University of California System; University of California Riverside
作者：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Monash University; Universidade de Brasilia
摘要：How do property rights evolve when unoccupied areas attract economic use? Who are the first claimants on the frontier and how do they establish their property rights? When do governments provide de jure property rights? We present a conceptual framework that addresses these questions and apply it to the frontiers of Australia, the United States, and Brazil. Our framework stresses the crucial role of politics as frontiers develop by identifying situations where the competition for land by those...
作者：University of Reading
摘要：We examine the strategies interwar working-class British households used to smooth consumption over time and guard against negative contingencies such as illness, unemployment, and death. Newly discovered returns from the U.K. Ministry of Labour's 1937/38 Household Expenditure Survey are used to fully categorize expenditure smoothing via nineteen credit/savings vehicles. We find that households made extensive use of expenditure-smoothing devices. Families' reliance on expenditure-smoothing is ...
