作者：University of California System; University of California Davis
作者：Harvard University
摘要：This article analyzes the determinants of local institutions in Brazil. We show that institutional quality and distribution of land are partly inherited from the colonial histories experienced by different areas of the country. The sugar cane boom-characterized by an oligarchic society-is associated with more land inequality. The gold boom-characterized by a heavily inefficient presence of the Portuguese state-is associated with worse governance and access to justice. We do not find similar ef...
作者：University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research
作者：Wageningen University & Research; Northwestern University
摘要：Recent literature on the historical determinants of African poverty has emphasized structural impediments to African growth, such as adverse geographical conditions, weak institutions, or ethnic heterogeneity. But has African poverty been a persistent historical phenomenon? This article checks such assumptions against the historical record. We push African income estimates back in time by presenting urban unskilled real wages for nine British African colonies (1880-1965). We find that African ...
