-
作者：Souleles, NS
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper uses micro data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey to estimate the response of household consumption to the second and third phases of the Reagan tax cuts. Since these phases were pre-announced, they allow for an unusually clean test of the canonical Life-Cycle/Permanent-Income model. Consumption is found to be excessively sensitive to the tax cuts, counter to the model. Liquidity constraints and other standard explanations do not appear to explain this excess sensitivity. The con...
-
作者：Epple, D; Newlon, E; Romano, R
作者单位：Carnegie Mellon University; University of Kentucky; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
摘要：To study the effects of ability grouping on school competition, we develop a theoretical and computational model of tracking in public and private schools. We examine tracking's consequences for the allocation of students of differing abilities and income within and between public and private schools. Private schools tend to attract the most able and wealthiest students, and rarely track in equilibrium. Public sector schools can maximize attendance by tracking students. Public schools retain a...
-
作者：Card, D; Payne, AA
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
摘要：This paper studies the effect of school finance reforms on the distribution of school spending across richer and poorer districts, and the consequences of spending equalization for the relative test performance of students from different family backgrounds. We find that states where the school finance system was declared unconstitutional in the 1980s increased the relative funding of low-income districts. Increases in the amount of state aid available to poorer districts led to increases in th...
-
作者：Pendakur, K
作者单位：Simon Fraser University
摘要：In the measurement of inequality, adjustments for differences across households in their demographic composition and in the price regimes they face are usually very simple. Often, nominal expenditure (or income) is adjusted with an expenditure-independent price deflator and a price-independent equivalence scale. I show that using more flexible expenditure-dependent price deflators and price-dependent equivalence scales affects the level of, and trend in, measured family expenditure inequality ...
-
作者：Cigno, A; Pettini, A
作者单位：University of Florence
摘要：The effects and optimal choice of policy instruments directly affecting the welfare of parents and children are examined within the context of a household economics model. If fertility were exogenous, and households differed in number of children only, a first best could be implement through a grant conditional on family size. Outside this very special case, public intervention is either not justifiable on distributional grounds, or involves taxing child-specific commodities less than adult-sp...
-
作者：Slemrod, J; Kopczuk, W
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：The strength of the behavioral response to a tax rate change depends on the environment individuals operate in, and may be manipulated by instruments controlled by the government. We first derive a measure of the social benefit to affecting this elasticity. The paper then examines this effect in the solution to the optimal income taxation problem when such an instrument is available, first in a general model and then in an example when the government chooses the income tax base. (C) 2002 Elsev...
-
作者：Stark, O; Wang, Y
作者单位：University of Oslo; University of Vienna; City University of Hong Kong
摘要：When productivity is fostered by an individual's own human capital as well as by the economy-wide average level of human capital, individuals under-invest in human capital. The provision of subsidies for the formation of human capital, conditional on the subsidy being self-financed by tax revenues, can bring the economy to its socially optimal level of human capital. Yet a strictly positive probability of migration to a richer country, by raising both the level of human capital formed by optim...
-
作者：Bloom, N; Griffith, R; Van Reenen, J
作者单位：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of London; University College London
摘要：This paper examines the impact of fiscal incentives on the level of R&D investment. An econometric model of R&D investment is estimated using a new panel of data on tax changes and R&D spending in nine OECD countries over a 19-year period (1979-1997). We find evidence that tax incentives are effective in increasing R&D intensity. This is true even after allowing for permanent country-specific characteristics, world macro shocks and other policy influences. We estimate that a 10% fall in the co...
-
作者：Power, L; Rider, M
作者单位：United States Department of the Treasury; University System of Georgia; Kennesaw State University
摘要：The U.S. individual income tax allows employers to make tax-deferred contributions to qualified pension plans for their employees and, in the case of the self-employed, on their own-behalf. We examine the effect of these tax-based savings incentives on the self-employed. For this purpose we use a panel of sole proprietors constructed from the Statistics of Income (Sol) individual income tax files for 1985, 1989 and 1993. We find that taxes have a substantial effect on both the dichotomous deci...
-
作者：Park, A; Wang, SG; Wu, GB
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：We evaluate the effectiveness of regional targeting in China's large-scale poverty alleviation program begun in 1986 by analyzing a panel data set of all counties in China for the period 1981-1995. Estimates of models of poor county designation and poverty fund allocation and newly defined targeting gap and targeting error measures show that political factors have affected targeting and that leakage has increased while coverage has improved. Only one of the three main programs is progressive. ...
