Gender, Confidence, and the Mismeasure of Intelligence, Competitiveness, and Literacy

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Harrison, Glenn W.; Ross, Don; Swarthout, J. Todd
• 署名单位: University System of Georgia; Georgia State University; University of Cape Town; University College Cork
• 刊物名称: JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0022-3808
• DOI: 10.1086/738345
• 发表日期: 2026
• 关键词: RAVEN PROGRESSIVE MATRICES; multiple-choice tests; partial knowledge; personal probabilities; decision-making; sex-differences; Scoring rules; labor-market; test-scores; women

摘要

The measurement of intelligence should identify and measure an individual's subjective confidence that a response to a test question is correct. Existing measures do not do that, nor do they use extrinsic financial incentive for truthful responses. We rectify both issues and show that each matters for the measurement of intelligence, particularly for women. Our results on gender and confidence in the face of risk have wider applications in terms of the measurement of competitiveness and financial literacy. Contrary to received literature, women are more intelligent than men, compete when they should in risky settings, and are more literate.