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作者：Holzer, Harry J.; Raphael, Steven; Stoll, Michael A.
作者单位：Georgetown University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
摘要：Employers became more willing to hire a range of disadvantaged workers during the 1990s boom-including minorities, workers with certain stigmas (such as welfare recipients), and those without recent experience or high school diplomas. The wages paid to newly hired less-skilled workers also increased. On the other hand, employers' demand for specific skill certification rose over time, as did their use of certain screens. The results suggest that the tight labor markets of the late 1990s, in co...
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作者：Shapiro, Jesse M.
作者单位：University of Chicago
摘要：From 1940 to 1990, a 10% increase in a metropolitan area's concentration of college-educated residents was associated with a 0.8% increase in subsequent employment growth. Instrumental variables estimates support a causal relationship between college graduates and employment growth, but show no evidence of an effect of high school graduates. Using data on growth in wages, rents, and house values, I calibrate a neoclassical city growth model and find that roughly 60% of the employment growth ef...
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作者：Autor, David H.; Donohue, John J., III; Schwab, Stewart J.
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Yale University; Cornell University
摘要：We estimate the effects on employment and wages of wrongful-discharge protections adopted by U.S. state courts during the last three decades. we find robust evidence that one wrongful-discharge doctrine, the implied-contract exception, reduced state employment rates by 0.8% to 1.7%. The initial impact is largest for female and less-educated workers (those who change jobs frequently), while the longer-term effect is greater for older and more-educated workers (those most likely to litigate). By...
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作者：Berkowitz, Daniel; Moenius, Johannes; Pistor, Katharina
作者单位：Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University Redlands; Columbia University
摘要：How does the quality of national institutions that enforce the rule of law influence international trade? Anderson and Marcouiller argue that bad institutions located in the importer's country deter international trade because they enable economic predators to steal and extort rents at the importer's border. We complement this research and show how good institutions located in the exporter's country enhance international trade, in particular, trade in complex products whose characteristics are...
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作者：Pencavel, John
作者单位：Stanford University
摘要：The connection between changes in earnings inequality of individuals and changes in family earnings involves several links: the movements in the employment of different family members, the association between changes in husbands' and in wives' earnings, and patterns of assortative mating. A decomposition of the logarithm of the coefficient of variation in family earnings identifies these links. The data on the dispersion of family earnings are organized not simply over time, but also by age. T...
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作者：Goolsbee, Austan; Guryan, Jonathan
作者单位：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：In an effort to alleviate the perceived growth of a digital divide, the U.S. government enacted a major subsidy for Internet and communications investment in schools starting in 1998. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of the subsidy-known as the E-Rate-on Internet investment in California public schools. The program subsidized spending by 20%-90%, depending on school characteristics. Using new data on school technology usage in every school in California from 1996 to 2000 as well as applic...
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作者：Comin, Diego; Mulani, Sunil
作者单位：National Bureau of Economic Research; New York University; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - New York
摘要：This note documents the diverging trends in volatility of the growth rate of sales at the aggregate and firm levels. We establish that the upward trend in firm volatility is not simply driven by a compositional bias in the sample studied. We argue that this new fact brings into question the proposed explanations for the decline in aggregate volatility and that, given the symmetry of the diverging trends at the micro and macro levels, a common explanation is likely. We conclude by describing on...
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作者：Davis, Steven J.; Kubler, Felix; Willen, Paul
作者单位：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Mannheim; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Boston
摘要：We construct a life cycle model that delivers realistic behavior for both equity holdings and borrowing. The key model ingredient is a wedge between the cost of borrowing and the risk-free investment return. Borrowing can either raise or lower equity demand, depending on the cost of borrowing. A borrowing rate equal to the expected return on equity-which we show roughly matches the data-minimizes the demand for equity. Alternative models with no borrowing or limited borrowing at the risk-free ...
