作者：Adalgeirsdottir, Gudfinna; James, Timothy D.
作者单位：University of Iceland; Queens University - Canada
作者：Agarwal, Divyansh
作者单位：Harvard University; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
作者：Miller, David A. B.
作者单位：Stanford University
摘要：This study shows why and when optical systems need thickness as well as width or area. Wave diffraction explains the fundamental need for area or diameter of a lens or aperture to achieve some resolution or number of pixels in microscopes and cameras. This work demonstrates that if we know what the optics is to do, even before design, we can also deduce the minimum required thickness. This limit comes from diffraction combined with a concept called overlapping nonlocality C that can be deduced...
作者：Levy, Joshua, I; Andersen, Kristian G.; Knight, Rob; Karthikeyan, Smruthi
作者单位：Scripps Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
作者：Richter, Wagner Eduardo
作者单位：Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana; Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana
作者：Rounce, David R.; Hock, Regine; Maussion, Fabien; Hugonnet, Romain; Kochtitzky, William; Huss, Matthias; Berthier, Etienne; Brinkerhoff, Douglas; Compagno, Loris; Copland, Luke; Farinotti, Daniel; Menounos, Brian; McNabb, Robert W.
作者单位：Carnegie Mellon University; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; University of Oslo; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow & Landscape Research; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et oceanographie spatiales; University of Ottawa; University of New England - Maine; University of Fribourg; University of Montana System; University of Montana; University of Northern British Columbia; Hakai Institute; Ulster University
摘要：Glacier mass loss affects sea level rise, water resources, and natural hazards. We present global glacier projections, excluding the ice sheets, for shared socioeconomic pathways calibrated with data for each glacier. Glaciers are projected to lose 26 +/- 6% (+1.5 degrees C) to 41 +/- 11% (+4 degrees C) of their mass by 2100, relative to 2015, for global temperature change scenarios. This corresponds to 90 +/- 26 to 154 +/- 44 millimeters sea level equivalent and will cause 49 +/- 9 to 83 +/- ...
