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作者：Sacks, Daniel W.; Menachemi, Nir; Embi, Peter; Wing, Coady
作者单位：Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Regenstrief Institute Inc; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University
摘要：Measuring the prevalence of active SARS-CoV-2 infections in the general population is difficult because tests are conducted on a small and nonrandom segment of the population. However, hospitalized patients are tested at very high rates, even those admitted for non-COVID reasons. We show how to use information on testing of non-COVID hospitalized patients to obtain tight bounds on population prevalence, under conditions weaker than those usually used. We apply our approach to the population of...
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作者：Li, Jia; Todorov, Viktor; Zhang, Qiushi
作者单位：Singapore Management University; Northwestern University; University of International Business & Economics
摘要：This paper provides a nonparametric test for deciding the dimensionality of a policy shock as manifest in the abnormal change in asset returns' stochastic covariance matrix, following the release of a macroeconomic announcement. We use high-frequency data in local windows before and after the event to estimate the covariance jump matrix and then test its rank. We find a one-factor structure in the covariance jump matrix of the yield curve resulting from the Federal Reserve's monetary policy sh...
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作者：Butikofer, Aline; Loken, Katrine V.; Willen, Alexander
作者单位：Norwegian School of Economics (NHH)
摘要：By exploiting the opening of the & Ouml;resund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden, we examine the impact of access to larger labor markets on wages and employment. We show that the bridge generated a substantial increase in the cross-country commuting behavior of Swedes and a 13.5% increase in the average wage of workers in the region. We further show that the wage gains are unevenly distributed: the effect is largest for high-educated men and smallest for low-educated women. Thus, the wage gai...
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作者：Liu, Sitian; Su, Yichen
作者单位：Queens University - Canada; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Dallas
摘要：Prior studies show that women are more willing to accept lower wages for shorter commutes than men. We show that gender differences in commuting preferences lead to a gender wage gap only if there is a wage penalty for shortening commutes, determined by the geography of jobs. We demonstrate this by showing that the commuting and wage gaps are considerably smaller among workers living near city centers, especially for occupations with a high geographic concentration of high-wage jobs. We highli...
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作者：Abarcar, Paolo; Theoharides, Caroline
摘要：We exploit changes in U.S. visa policies for nurses to measure the origin-country human capital response to international migration opportunities. Combining data on all migrant departures and postsecondary institutions in the Philippines, we show that nursing enrollment and graduation increased substantially in response to greater U.S. demand for nurses. The supply of nursing programs expanded. Nurse quality, measured by licensure exam pass rates, declined. Despite this, for each nurse migrant...
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作者：Johnson, Matthew S.; Schwab, Daniel; Koval, Patrick
作者单位：Duke University; College of the Holy Cross; Boston University
摘要：Workplace safety policies are designed to ensure that employers internalize the costs of injuries, but employers can undermine these policies with threats of dismissal. We show that states' adoption of the public policy exception to at-will employment-an exception forbidding employers from firing workers for filing workers' compensation claims or for whistleblowing-led to a substantial reduction in injuries. The widespread adoption of the public policy exception explains 14% of the decline in ...
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作者：Hanlon, W. Walker
作者单位：Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：This study draws on London's long experience with air pollution in order to improve our understanding of the overall effects of pollution exposure and how and why these effects evolve as locations develop. I compare uniquely detailed new mortality data covering 1866 to 1965 to the timing of London's famous fog events, which trapped emissions in the city. I show that air pollution was a major contributor to mortality in London over this period and that it interacted strongly with specific infec...
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作者：Howard, Greg; Weinstein, Russell; Yang, Yuhao
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Southwestern University of Finance & Economics - China
摘要：We use a novel identification strategy to investigate whether regional universities make their local economies more resilient. Our strategy is based on state governments using similar site-selection criteria to assign normal schools (to train teachers) and insane asylums between 1830 and 1930. Normal schools became larger regional universities while asylum properties mostly continue as small state-owned psychiatric health facilities. We find that a regional university roughly offsets the negat...
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作者：Mast, Evan
作者单位：W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research
摘要：Local control of land-use regulation creates a not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) problem that can suppress housing construction, contributing to rising prices and potentially slowing economic growth. I study how increased local control affects housing production by exploiting a common electoral reform-changing from at-large to ward elections for town council. These reforms, which are not typically motivated by housing markets, shrink each representative's constituency from the entire town to one ward...
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作者：Deshpande, Manasi; Fadlon, Itzik; Gray, Colin
作者单位：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：We study how increases in the U.S. Social Security full retirement age (FRA) affect benefit-claiming behavior and retirement behavior separately. Using long panels of Social Security administrative data, we implement complementary research designs of a traditional cohort analysis and a regression-discontinuity design. We find that while claiming ages strongly and immediately shift in response to increases in the FRA, retirement ages exhibit persistent stickiness at the old FRA of 65. We use se...
