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作者：Ananat, Elizabeth; Glasner, Benjamin; Hamilton, Christal; Parolin, Zachary; Pignatti, Clemente
作者单位：Columbia University; Columbia University; Bocconi University; University of Connecticut
摘要：The temporary 2021 expansion of the Child Tax Credit (CTC) was intended to reduce child poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic. The expansion's elimination of an existing phase-in with earnings, however, potentially disincentivized labor supply, raising concerns that it would reduce parent employment. We empirically test for employment effects using difference-in-differences analyses with Current Population Survey data. Across many specifications and multiple sub-groups, we find very small, inco...
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作者：Melnik, Walter; Smyth, Andrew
作者单位：Marquette University; Boise State University
摘要：Previous work suggests that research and development (R&D) tax credits increase R&D expenditure. We exploit the staggered adoption of state-level R&D tax credits in the United States to examine their effect on innovation itself. In particular, we consider ten commonly-studied patent characteristics that have received little or no attention in the extant literature on R&D incentives. Our empirical approach suggests that R&D tax credits reduce the user cost of R&D and increase R&D expenditure, b...
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作者：Lockwood, Ben; Le, Minh; Rockey, James
作者单位：University of Warwick; University of Birmingham; University of Warwick
摘要：This paper explores the implications of voter loss -aversion and imperfect recall for the dynamics of electoral competition in a simple Downsian model of repeated elections. The interplay between the median voter's reference point and political parties' choice of platforms generates a dynamic process of (de)polarization, following an initial shift in party ideology. This is consistent with the gradual nature of long-term trends in polarization in the US Congress.
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作者：Timpe, Brenden
作者单位：University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
摘要：This paper provides new evidence on the effect of a national expansion of paid maternity leave on the labormarket outcomes of women in the United States. I develop an identification strategy that exploits the staggered expansion of paid leave through short-term disability insurance in the 1960s and 1970s. The policy expanded leave-taking among new mothers but also precipitated a decrease in hourly wages, employment, and family income among women of child-bearing age. The results suggest that e...
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作者：Avdic, Daniel; Decker, Simon; Karlsson, Martin; Salm, Martin
作者单位：Deakin University; Leibniz Association; RWI - Leibniz Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung; University of Duisburg Essen; Tilburg University
摘要：No -claim refunds are cost -control instruments which stipulate a payback agreement contingent on one or more claim -free years. We study how such no -claim refunds affect claiming behavior using claims data from a large German health insurer and a policy that increased the refund size for certain plans. We propose a method to decompose the effect on claims into behavioral and non -behavioral components, and show that individuals responded to the refund policy by reducing claims by eight perce...
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作者：Galle, Johannes; Overbeck, Daniel; Riedel, Nadine; Seidel, Tobias
作者单位：Ruhr University Bochum; University of Mannheim; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Munster; University of Oxford; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; University of Duisburg Essen
摘要：This paper quantifies the local economic impact of special economic zones (SEZs) established in India between 2005 and 2013. Using a novel dataset that combines census information on the universe of Indian firms with geo-referenced data on SEZs, we find that the establishment of SEZs increased local manufacturing and service employment, with positive spillovers up to 10 km from the SEZ area. The analysis shows that the gains in manufacturing and service employment were accompanied by a decline...
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作者：Brown, David P.; Muehlenbachs, Lucija
作者单位：University of Alberta; University of Calgary; Resources for the Future
摘要：To avoid electric-infrastructure-induced wildfires, millions of Californians had their power cut for hours to days at a time. We show that rooftop solar-plus-battery-storage systems increased in zip codes with the longest power outages. Rooftop solar panels alone will not help a household avert outages, but a solar-plus-battery-storage system will. Using this fact, we obtain a revealed-preference estimate of the willingness to pay for electricity reliability, the Value of Lost Load, a key para...
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作者：Busso, Matias; Montano, Sebastian; Munoz-Morales, Juan; Pope, Nolan G.
作者单位：Inter-American Development Bank; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; IESEG School of Management; Universite de Lille; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Humanities & Social Sciences (INSHS)
摘要：Teacher quality is a key factor in improving student academic achievement. As such, educational policymakers strive to design systems to hire the most effective teachers. This paper examines the effects of a national policy reform in Colombia that established a merit-based teacher-hiring system intended to enhance teacher quality and improve student learning. Implemented in 2005 for all public schools, the policy ties teacher- hiring decisions to candidates' performance on an exam evaluating s...
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作者：Wang, Zhenggang; Wu, Zenan; Yuan, Ye
作者单位：University of Hong Kong; Peking University; Peking University
摘要：Rural households contend with numerous uninsured risks that hinder their ability to leverage profitable yet risky opportunities. We study whether the provision of insurance coverage for medical expenditure, one of the most substantial and unpredictable risk, can stimulate entrepreneurship and other risky financial decisions among rural households. We leverage the progressive nationwide rollout of a universal public health insurance program in rural China. We find that the introduction of healt...
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作者：Fang, Chao; Ma, Shuzhong
作者单位：Zhejiang Gongshang University; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Zhejiang University
摘要：To reduce tax losses online, starting from July 2021, the EU mandates value-added tax (VAT) payment for all imported small parcels and requires platforms to collect and remit tax. Using data from China Customs and orders from an AliExpress store, we document that due to the reform, China's online exports to EU countries dropped by nearly 50% and EU consumers mostly bore the increased tax burden instead of online sellers. Furthermore, there was a decrease in orders previously exempted from VAT ...
