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作者：National University of Singapore
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作者：University of Essex; University of Groningen
摘要：Structural transformation is a key indicator of economic development. We present the first time series of male labor sectoral shares for England and Wales before 1800, using a large sample of probate and apprenticeship data to produce national- and county-level estimates. England experienced a rapid decline in the share of workers in agriculture between the early seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth centuries, associated with rising agricultural and especially industrial productivit...
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作者：University of Essex
摘要：I find that childhood exposure to the Dust Bowl, an environmental shock to health and income, adversely impacted later-life human capital-especially when exposure was in utero-increasing poverty and disability rates, and decreasing fertility and college completion rates. The event's devastation of agriculture, however, had the beneficial effect of increasing high school completion, likely by pushing children who otherwise might have worked on the farm into secondary schooling. Lastly, New Deal...
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作者：Colgate University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Arizona
摘要：This article creates a new database that covers all U.S. banks in the census years between 1870 and 1900 to test the interaction between inequality and financial development when the banking system was starting over from scratch. A fixed-effects panel regression shows that the number of banks per thousand people in the South has a strong positive relationship with the size of farm operations. This suggests that large southern farm operators welcomed new banks after the Civil War. When the anal...
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作者：Kesztenbaum, Lionel
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作者：North Carolina State University; Colorado School of Mines; Colorado School of Mines
摘要：We examine the role of irrigation in explaining U.S. agricultural gains post-1940. Specifically, we analyze how productivity and farm values changed in the western United States as a result of technological and policy changes that expanded access to ground and surface water. To statistically identify the effects, we compare counties based on their potential access to irrigation water defined by physical characteristics. We find areas with access to large streams and/or groundwater increase cro...
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作者：Wageningen University & Research; Harvard University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：We use a new trade dataset showing that nineteenth century sub-Saharan Africa experienced a terms of trade boom comparable to other parts of the global periphery. A sharp rise in export prices in the five decades before the scramble (1835-1885) was followed by an equally impressive decline during the colonial era. This study revises the view that the scramble for West Africa occurred when its major export markets were in decline and argues that the larger weight of West Africa in French imperi...
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作者：Australian National University; Baylor University
摘要：We estimate the effect of age at arrival for immigrant outcomes with a new dataset of arrivals linked to the 1940 U.S. Census. Using within-family variation, we find that arriving at an older age, or having more childhood exposure to the European environment, led to a more negative wage gap relative to the native born. Infant arrivals had a positive wage gap relative to natives, in contrast to a negative gap for teenage arrivals. Therefore, a key determinant of immigrant outcomes during the Ag...
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作者：University of Arizona; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve System Board of Governors; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Greensboro
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作者：Cornell University
