作者：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
作者：University of California System; University of California Irvine
摘要：Many states nationalized portions of their railroad network between 1860 and 1912. This article uses new cross-country data to examine which factors contributed to nationalizations and how nationalizations influenced network expansion. I find evidence that nationalizations were greater in countries with low constraints on the executive branch, with French and German civil law systems, and where neighboring countries had higher military capability. I also find evidence that nationalizations red...
作者：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Richmond; George Mason University
摘要：Why is it that some countries adopted growth enhancing institutions earlier than others during the early modem period? We address this question through a comparative study of the evolution of French and Ottoman fiscal institutions. During the sixteenth century, both countries made extensive use of tax farming to collect revenue, however, uncertain property rights caused by fiscal pressure led to different paths of institutional change in each state. In France, tax collectors successfully overc...
作者：University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Lowell
