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作者：Spears, Dean
作者单位：University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Indian Statistical Institute; Indian Statistical Institute Delhi; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：Physical height is an important measure of human capital. However, differences in average height across developing countries are poorly explained by economic differences. Children in India are shorter than poorer children in Africa, a widely studied puzzle called the Asian enigma. This paper proposes and quantitatively investigates the hypothesis that differences in sanitation - and especially in the population density of open defecation - can statistically account for an important component o...
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作者：Berry, James; Mehta, Saurabh; Mukherjee, Priya; Ruebeck, Hannah; Shastry, Gauri Kartini
作者单位：University of Delaware; Cornell University; William & Mary; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Wellesley College
摘要：Reducing the rate of anemia is a primary public health concern in many developing countries. This paper studies the Indian government's school-based Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation program. We provide a descriptive analysis of program implementation patterns across 377 schools in the state of Odisha. We document that the more advantaged blocks had more consistent tablet distribution, and that distribution within the less advantaged blocks was less predictable, and plausibly random. W...
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作者：Bluhm, Richard; Thomsson, Kaj
作者单位：Leibniz University Hannover; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Maastricht University
摘要：We analyze the duration of large economic declines and provide a theory of delayed recovery. We show theoretically that uncertain post-recovery incomes lead to a commitment problem which limits the possibility of cooperation in ethnically heterogeneous countries. Strong constraints on the executive solve this problem by reducing the uncertainty associated with cooperative behavior. We test the model using standard data on linguistic heterogeneity and detailed data on ethnic power configuration...
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作者：Dower, Paul Castaneda; Pfutze, Tobias
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; State University System of Florida; Florida International University
摘要：Better enforcement of property rights reduces the incentives to engage in violent competition over resources. At the same time, greater tenure security may disrupt a key mechanism for political and social control, the discretionary allocation of land by local authorities, also potentially affecting the level of violence. We investigate the effect of a land certification program, which produced exogenous variation in tenure security, on violent deaths in Mexico's rural municipalities from 1993 ...
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作者：Wagner, Zachary; Asiimwe, John Bosco; Levine, David, I
作者单位：RAND Corporation; Makerere University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：There is growing support for an entrepreneurial community health worker (CHW) model, but the benefits of such a design are unclear. We randomly assigned CHWs in Uganda to sell treatment for child diarrhea door-to-door and retain the profits or to deliver treatment to homes for free. We find that, despite stronger financial incentives, the entrepreneurial model led to substantially less effort (fewer household visits) than the free delivery model. Qualitative evidence suggests that selling had ...
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作者：Cai, Shu
作者单位：Jinan University
摘要：This study proposes a model of migration with liquidity constraints and empirically examines the impacts of credit access on migration using data from a randomized control trial for a village banking program in China. The program increases migration by household members in treatment villages, especially in villages with low levels of assets and high migration costs. These findings are consistent with the theoretical prediction that access to credit has a greater effect on migration among house...
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作者：Elizalde, Aldo
作者单位：University of Glasgow
摘要：While Indigenous institutions affect policy outcomes and, consequently, economic development, our understanding of this association is as yet unclear. This paper examines this relationship using land reform in Mexico as a case study. Between 1917 and 1992, the rights to 16 million hectares of ancestral land were transferred to the Indigenous population in the form of land plots known as Comunidades Agrarias. By exploiting novel panel data for 13,600+ municipality-census observations, I find th...
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作者：Baniya, Suprabha; Rocha, Nadia; Ruta, Michele
作者单位：Clark University; The World Bank
摘要：This paper takes a first look at the trade effects of China's Belt and Road Initiative, also referred to as the New Silk Road, on the 71 countries potentially involved. The initiative consists of several infrastructure investment projects to improve the land and maritime transportation in the Belt and Road Initiative region. The analysis first uses geo-referenced data and geographical information system analysis to compute the bilateral time to trade before and after the Belt and Road Initiati...
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作者：Guo, Jang-Ting; Hung, Fu-Sheng
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Riverside; National Chengchi University
摘要：Recent empirical studies have documented that after controlling for variables related to state capacity, the incidence of firms' tax evasion on their sales is negatively correlated with the level of a country's financial development. Motivated by this stylized fact, our paper takes state capacity as given and provides an alternative theory that is built upon asymmetric information in credit markets, particularly within developing economies. We analytically show that with a more developed finan...
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作者：Hoseini, Mohammad; Briand, Oceane
作者单位：University of Mannheim
摘要：This paper studies the impact of replacing sales tax by value-added tax (VAT) on production efficiency and informality among Indian states. We disentangle the production efficiency gains caused by removing the distortions of sales tax from the increase in enforcement caused by VAT's input refund system and show that heterogeneous effects of these two aspects of the reform depend on input-output linkages. While production efficiency is larger in downstream industries with backward linkages to a...
