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作者：Redding, S
作者单位：University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
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作者：Durlauf, SN
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：This paper critically examines the way in which empirical evidence is developed in support of a role for social capital in socioeconomic outcomes. Three leading studies of social capital are reviewed and in each case argued to suffer from various identification problems. A general set of conditions under which social capital effects may be identified in linear models is given. Careful attention to these conditions combined with greater openmindedness as to what constitutes appropriate evidence...
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作者：Lerner, J
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Recently public efforts to finance small high-technology firms have proliferated. We review the motivations for these efforts and make some preliminary observations about their design. We explore the underlying challenges that the financing of young growth firms poses, the ways that specialised financial intermediaries address them, and the rationales for public efforts to finance these companies. The final section makes a set of observations about the ways in which the structure of these effo...
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作者：Heertje, A
作者单位：University of Amsterdam
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作者：Paton, D; Siegel, DS; Williams, LV
作者单位：University of Nottingham; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Nottingham Trent University
摘要：Several environmental changes in the 1990s - including the introduction of a national lottery the rise of Internet gambling, and the reduction of trade barriers within the EU - induced the UK government to initiate a large-scale review of betting ditty. As a result of this review, the, government recently announced a significant reduction in betting taxes. They, also decided to replace the current, general betting duty (GBD), levied as a proportion of betting stakes, with a gross profits tax (...
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作者：Johansson-Stenman, O; Carlsson, F; Daruvala, D
作者单位：University of Gothenburg
摘要：Individuals' aversion to risk and inequality, and their concern For relative standing, are measured through experimental choices between hypothetical societies. It is found that, oil average, individuals are both fairly inequality-averse and have a strong Concern lot. relative income. The results are used to illustrate welfare consequences based on a utilitarian SWF and a modified CRRA utility function. It is shown that the social marginal utility of income may then become negative, even at in...
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作者：Finkelstein, A; Poterba, J
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper explores adverse selection in the voluntary and compulsory individual annuity markets in the United Kingdom. Two empirical regularities support standard models of adverse selection. First, annuitants are longer-lived than non-annuitants. These mortality differences are more pronounced in the voluntary than in the compulsory annuity market. We estimate that the amount of adverse selection in the compulsory market is about one half of that in the voluntary market. Second the pricing o...
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作者：Fehr, E; Fischbacher, U
作者单位：University of Zurich
摘要：A substantial number of people exhibit social preferences. which means they art not solely motivated 1), material self-interest but also care positively or negatively for the material payoffs of relevant reference agents. We show empirically that economists fail to understand fundamental economic questions when they disregard social preferences, in particular. that without taking social preferences into account, it is not possible to understand adequately (i) effects of competition on market o...
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作者：Biggs, M
作者单位：University of Cambridge
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作者：Kaser, M
作者单位：University of Birmingham; University of Oxford
