Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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• Net zero may need a rethink to keep climate targets within reach AI翻译
  作者：Battersby, Stephen
• Babbling opens the sensory phase for imitative vocal learning AI翻译
  作者：Leitao, Albertine; Gahr, Manfred
  摘要：Zebra finches, a species of songbirds, learn to sing by creating an auditory template through the memorization of model songs (sensory learning phase) and subsequently translating these perceptual memories into motor skills (sensorimotor learning phase). It has been traditionally believed that babbling in juvenile birds initiates the sensorimotor phase while the sensory phase of song learning precedes the onset of babbling. However, our findings challenge this notion by demonstrating that test...
• Intranasal neomycin evokes broad- spectrum antiviral immunity in the upper respiratory tract AI翻译
  作者：Mao, Tianyang; Kim, Jooyoung; Pena-Hernandez, Mario A.; Valle, Gabrielee; Moriyama, Miyu; Luyten, Sophia; Ott, Isabel M.; Gomez-Calvo, Maria Luisa; Gehlhausen, Jeff R.; Baker, Emily; Israelow, Benjamin; Slade, Martin; Sharma, Lokesh; Liu, Wei; Ryu, Changwan; Korde, Asawari; Lee, Chris J.; Monteiro, Valter Silva; Lucas, Carolina; Dong, Huiping; Yang, Yi; Gopinath, Smita; Wilen, Craig B.; Palm, Noah; Cruz, Charles S. Dela; Iwasaki, Akiko
  作者单位：Yale University; Yale University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Yale University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
  摘要：Respiratory virus infections in humans cause a broad - spectrum of diseases that result in substantial morbidity and mortality annually worldwide. To reduce the global burden of respiratory viral diseases, preventative and therapeutic interventions that are accessible and effective are urgently needed, especially in countries that are disproportionately affected. Repurposing generic medicine has the potential to bring new treatments for infectious diseases to patients efficiently and equitably...
• Evolution of system connectivity to support food production in the Indus Basin in Pakistan AI翻译
  作者：Siddiqi, Afreen; Selin, Noelle E.; Agrawal, Arun
  作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
  摘要：Sustainability challenges related to food production arise from multiple nature - society interactions occurring over long time periods. Traditional methods of quantitative analysis do not represent long - term changes in the networks of system components, including institutions and knowledge that affect system behavior. Here, we develop an approach to study system structure and evolution by combining a qualitative framework that represents sustainability - relevant human, technological, and e...
• Evolution of homologous recombination rates across bacteria AI翻译
  作者：Torrance, Ellis L.; Burton, Corey; Diop, Awa; Bobay, Louis-Marie
  作者单位：University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Greensboro; North Carolina State University
  摘要：Bacteria are nonsexual organisms but are capable of exchanging DNA at diverse degrees through homologous recombination. Intriguingly, the rates of recombination vary immensely across lineages where some species have been described as purely clonal and others as quasi-sexual. However, estimating recombination rates has proven a difficult endeavor and estimates often vary substantially across studies. It is unclear whether these variations reflect natural variations across populations or are due...
• Reply to Benndorff and DiFrancesco: Reliable human HCN4 single- channel recordings using the cell- attached configuration in expression systems AI翻译
  作者：Camara-Checa, Anabel; Rubio-Alarcon, Marcos; Dago, Maria; Crespo-Garcia, Teresa; Rapun, Josu; Tamargo, Juan; Gomez, Ricardo; Caballero, Ricardo; Delpon, Eva
  作者单位：CIBER - Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red; CIBERCV
• Rubber- glass nanocomposites fabricated using mixed emulsions AI翻译
  作者：Chen, Zheqi; Zhang, Guogao; Luo, Yingwu; Suo, Zhigang
  作者单位：Harvard University; Zhejiang University
  摘要：Many composites consist of matrices of elastomers and nanoparticles of stiff materials. Such composites often have superior properties and are widely used. Embedding elastomers with nanoparticles commonly necessitates intense shear, using machines like extruders and roll millers, which cut polymer chains and degrade properties. Here, we prepare a rubber- glass nanocomposite by using two aqueous emulsions. Each emulsion is separately prepared with a single species of polymer chains. Each polyme...
• Crystal size, shape, and conformational changes drive both the disappearance and reappearance of ritonavir polymorphs in the mill AI翻译
  作者：Sacchi, Pietro; Wright, Sarah E.; Neoptolemou, Petros; Lampronti, Giulio I.; Rajagopalan, Ashwin Kumar; Kras, Weronika; Evans, Caitlin L.; Hodgkinson, Paul; Cruz-Cabeza, Aurora J.
  作者单位：University of Manchester; University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge; AstraZeneca; Durham University
  摘要：Organic compounds can crystallize in different forms known as polymorphs. Discovery and control of polymorphism is crucial to the pharmaceutical industry since different polymorphs can have significantly different physical properties which impacts their utilization in drug delivery. Certain polymorphs have been reported to 'disappear' from the physical world, irreversibly converting to new ones. These unwanted polymorph conversions, initially prevented by slow nucleation kinetics, are eventual...
• Transcriptional elongation control of hypoxic response AI翻译
  作者：Soliman, Shimaa Hassan AbdelAziz; Iwanaszko, Marta; Zheng, Bin; Gold, Sarah; Howard, Benjamin Charles; Das, Madhurima; Chakrabarty, Ram Prosad; Chandel, Navdeep S.; Shilatifard, Ali
  作者单位：Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University
  摘要：The release of paused RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) from promoter- proximal regions is tightly controlled to ensure proper regulation of gene expression. The elongation tor PTEF-b is known to release paused RNAPII via phosphorylation of the RNAPII C - terminal domain by its cyclin- dependent kinase component, CDK9. However, the nal and stress- specific roles of the various RNAPII- associated macromolecular complexes containing PTEF- b/CDK9 are not yet clear. Here, we identify and characterize the...
• IL-6/gp130 signaling in CD4+T cells drives the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension AI翻译
  作者：Ishibashi, Tomohiko; Inagaki, Tadakatsu; Okazawa, Makoto; Yamagishi, Akiko; Ohta-Ogo, Keiko; Asano, Ryotaro; Masaki, Takeshi; Kotani, Yui; Ding, Xin; Chikaishi-Kirino, Tomomi; Maedera, Noriko; Shirai, Manabu; Hatakeyama, Kinta; Kubota, Yoshiaki; Kishimoto, Tadamitsu; Nakaoka, Yoshikazu
  作者单位：National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center - Japan; National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center - Japan; National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center - Japan; National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Center - Japan; Keio University; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka
  摘要：Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by stenosis and occlusions of small pulmonary arteries, leading to elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and right heart failure. Although accumulating evidence shows the importance of interleukin (IL)- 6 in the pathogenesis of PAH, the target cells of IL- 6 are poorly understood. Using mice harboring the floxed allele of gp130, a subunit of the IL- 6 receptor, we found substantial Cre recombination in all hematopoietic cell lineages from t...