作者：Koffi, Marlene; Marx, Matt
作者单位：University of Toronto; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We analyze nearly 70 million scientific articles to estimate the gender dynamics in the commercialization of science. We report a gender gap of 14 percent, which does not appear to be explained either by the quality of the science or by its commercial potential. The gap is widest among papers with female last authors (i.e., lab head or principal investigator), even when publishing high-quality science. However, the gap vanishes when authors self-commercialize discoveries via new ventures, and ...
作者：Smith, Cory
作者单位：University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
摘要：I study the long-run economic effects of land concentration on the American frontier. Using quasi-random variation in initial land allocations from a checkerboard formula, I analyze a large database of property assessments and find that historical concentration reduced modern land values by 4.5 percent and fixed capital by 23 percent. Modern effect sizes are 23-64 percent of their historical equivalents, indicating significant rates of both persistence and convergence over the last 150 years. ...
