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作者：Kuzma, Jennifer
作者单位：North Carolina State University
摘要：In this article, a new framework for improving risk assessments of novel genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) is developed and applied. The Procedurally Robust Risk Assessment Framework (PRRAF) provides a set of principles and criteria for assessing and enhancing risk assessment protocols for GEOs under conditions of high uncertainty. The application of PRRAF is demonstrated using the case of a genetically engineered mosquito designed to kill its wild population and therefore decrease disea...
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作者：Zeitlin, Jonathan; Overdevest, Christine
作者单位：University of Amsterdam; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
摘要：This paper analyzes the interactions between the separate components of the emerging transnational timber legality regime, both public and private. It examines how far, and through what institutional mechanisms, these interactions are producing a joined-up transnational regime, based on a shared normative commitment to combat illegal logging and cooperative efforts to implement and enforce it. The paper argues that the experimentalist architecture of the EU FLEGT initiative has fostered produc...
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作者：Firlej, Mikolaj; Taeihagh, Araz
作者单位：University of Oxford; National University of Singapore
摘要：In recent years, many sectors have experienced significant progress in automation, associated with the growing advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning. There are already automated robotic weapons, which are able to evaluate and engage with targets on their own, and there are already autonomous vehicles that do not need a human driver. It is argued that the use of increasingly autonomous systems (AS) should be guided by the policy of human control, according to which humans sho...
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作者：Asquer, Alberto; Krachkovskaya, Inna
作者单位：University of London; University of London School Oriental & African Studies (SOAS); University of London; University of London School Oriental & African Studies (SOAS)
摘要：This study aims to improve theoretical accounts of regulatory responses to emerging technologies by proposing a model of regulatory development, which incorporates a role for types of uncertainty and for existing regulatory institutions. Differently from existing theories of regulatory development, the model proposed here posits a sequence of cyclical activities where regulatory responses arise in incremental fashion out of efforts to make sense of emerging technologies and to ponder the appli...
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作者：Heimer, Carol A.; Kuo, Elsinore
作者单位：Northwestern University
摘要：Scholars sometimes criticize durable regulatory systems for being costly, inefficient, ineffective, and inequitable. This article reassesses regulation, arguing that a mis-categorization of types of regulatory activity has led critics astray. More specifically, the article observes that regulation hardened by being built into infrastructure often ceases to be seen as regulation and its benefits are therefore inappropriately omitted from assessments of regulatory accomplishments. Hardening into...
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作者：Baugus, Brian; Bose, Feler; Jacob, Jeffry
作者单位：Regent University; Indiana University System; Indiana University East
摘要：Sunset provisions are clauses embedded in legislation that cause a piece of legislation or a regulatory board to expire on a certain date unless the legislature takes affirmative action to renew the legislation or board. Supporters and legislators offer several reasons why sunset laws are valuable and useful. An article by Baugus and Bose (2015), reported on the king-and-council model of Congleton (2001), suggests that sunset laws are a key tool legislatures use in asserting themselves against...
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作者：Gray, Garry; van Rooij, Benjamin
作者单位：University of Victoria; University of Amsterdam; University of California System; University of California Irvine
摘要：Regulatory studies assume that citizens can act as regulators to complement or correct failing state and market forms of regulation. Yet, there is a growing literature that shows that in reality citizens may fail to be effective regulators. This paper systematically analyses how power inequalities obstruct citizens in their regulatory roles. It compares four case studies with highly different social and political contexts but with similar outcomes of citizens failing to regulate risk. The case...
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作者：Chan, Kwan Nok; Fan, Shiwei
作者单位：University of Hong Kong; University of Hong Kong; Central University of Finance & Economics
摘要：Democracies deliberately create friction in bureaucratic processes, using inefficiencies to mitigate the impact of government transitions and asymmetric information on leaders' ability to exert control. With far more centralized power, would authoritarians prefer less friction? We argue that they do not. In fact, excess friction is actively supplied to hinder bureaucratic coordination independent of or even in opposition to top-down control, leaving the central leaders the only player powerful...
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作者：Grimmelikhuijsen, Stephan; Herkes, Feie; Leistikow, Ian; Verkroost, Jos; de Vries, Femke; Zijlstra, Wilte G.
作者单位：Utrecht University; Tilburg University; Ministry of Health, Welfare & Sport; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; University of Groningen
摘要：Decision transparency is often proposed as a way to maintain or even increase citizen trust, yet this assumption is still untested in the context of regulatory agencies. We test the effect of transparency of a typical decision tradeoff in regulatory enforcement: granting forbearance or imposing a sanction. We employed a representative survey experiment (n = 1,546) in which we test the effect of transparency in general (providing information about a decision or not) and the effect of specific t...
