-
作者：De Grandis, Giovanni; Brass, Irina; Farid, Suzanne S.
作者单位：Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU); University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
摘要：The need to better balance the promotion of scientific and technological innovation with risk management for consumer protection has inspired several recent reforms attempting to make regulations more flexible and adaptive. The pharmaceutical sector has a long, established regulatory tradition, as well as a long history of controversies around how to balance incentives for needed therapeutic innovations and protecting patient safety. The emergence of disruptive biotechnologies has provided the...
-
作者：McGrath, Joe; Walker, Ciaran
作者单位：University College Dublin
摘要：This article addresses the issue of renewing a sense of vocation in finance. Drawing on experiences in the UK, Australia, and Ireland, three common law jurisdictions at various phases of developing an ethical esprit de corps to professionalize the banking industry, it argues that adopting some aspects of a profession, a trajectory towards professionalization of the banking industry, could serve, at least to some extent, to improve the industry-wide norms that influence firms' cultures and indi...
-
作者：Schilling-Vacaflor, Almut; Lenschow, Andrea
作者单位：University Osnabruck
摘要：The negative externalities of global commodity chains and existing governance gaps have received wide scholarly attention. Indeed, many sectors including forest-risk commodities (FRCs) like soy and beef from Brazil remain largely unregulated. This article analyzes ongoing policy-making processes at European Union level to adopt new regulations for reducing accountability gaps: one regulation of FRCs and one general, cross-sectoral directive on human rights and environmental due diligence. This...
-
作者：Krause, Theresa; Chen, Mo; Wassermann, Lena; Fischer, Doris; Grossklags, Jens
作者单位：University of Wurzburg; Technical University of Munich
摘要：Corporate credit reporting (CCR), which aims at increasing trust in corporates, constitutes an intriguing, yet understudied set of regulatory institutions as it is both a regulatory object and subject at the same time. Differences in national CCR systems pose challenges for multinational companies and have increasingly become a subject of international conflicts on regulatory standards. In this context, the case of China deserves special attention since the country pursues both institutional d...
-
作者：Johnson, Walter G.
作者单位：Australian National University
摘要：Regulatory sandboxes have become the latest development in regulatory reform, starting first in financial regulation and now expanding to other sectors. While sandboxes offer notable potential benefits for managing emerging technologies, achieving desirable policy outcomes with this novel regulatory instrument also comes with technical and political challenges. This article offers a framework to characterize regulatory sandboxes in any sector, involving a blend of (1) approval regulation with ...
-
作者：de la Porte, Caroline; Larsen, Trine P.; Lundqvist, Asa
作者单位：Copenhagen Business School; University of Copenhagen; Lund University
摘要：This paper investigates the regulation of publicly organized early childhood education and care (ECEC) in Denmark and Sweden, through the regulatory welfare state (RWS) framework. The analysis focuses on how alterations in funding and quality of care are shaped by governmental and nongovernmental actors at national and local levels of government. Through focused structured analysis, we examine how various actors have shaped the funding and quality of childcare in Denmark and Sweden, from the e...
-
作者：Christensen, Tom; Jensen, Mads Dagnis; Kluth, Michael; Kristinsson, Gunnar Helgi; Lynggaard, Kennet; Laegreid, Per; Niemikari, Risto; Pierre, Jon; Raunio, Tapio; Skulason, Gustaf Adolf
作者单位：University of Oslo; Copenhagen Business School; Roskilde University; University of Iceland; University of Bergen; Tampere University; University of Gothenburg
摘要：Government responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in the Nordic states-Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden-exhibit similarities and differences. This article investigates the extent to which crisis policymaking diverges from normal policymaking within the Nordic countries and whether variations between the countries are associated with the role of expertise and the level of politicization. Government responses are analyzed in terms of governance arrangements and regulatory instruments. F...
-
作者：Wijen, Frank; Flowers, Mallory Elise
作者单位：Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; University of Rhode Island
摘要：Many voluntary sustainability standards govern opaque environmental and social issues, which are difficult to understand and address. Extant studies show mixed evidence around the effectiveness of such standards. We develop a theoretical framework that relates different degrees and types of opacity to standard effectiveness. Systemic opacity results from issues embedded in complex, diverse, and dynamic settings, whereas behavioral opacity stems from human challenges in interpreting and acting ...
-
作者：von Nordheim, Fritz; Kvist, Jon
作者单位：Roskilde University
摘要：The likelihood that longevity will continue to increase has generated a search for regulation that make people work longer as they live longer, and thus not just containing pension expenditure but also enlarging labor supply, economic growth, and tax revenue. In public pension policy, Nordic countries have led the world with three types of approaches aimed at making people retire later. The first came when Sweden, followed by Finland and Norway, installed life expectancy coefficients in benefi...
-
作者：Mathieu, Emmanuelle
作者单位：University of Lausanne
摘要：The diffusion of independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) in utilities sectors in developing countries is underpinned by the idea that IRAs are highly effective institutional devices to signal policy credibility to private investors. But is it really so? Institutional economists tend to confirm the effectiveness of IRAs, while also highlighting the many factors that condition its positive impact on investments. Acknowledging the importance of interaction effects, this paper proposes to shift the...
