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作者：Lapuente, Victor; Nistotskaya, Marina
作者单位：University of Gothenburg; Central European University
摘要：This article addresses a persistent puzzle in social science: Why do some rulers adopt merit systems, refusing to enjoy the spoils of their victories? Dominant explanations underscore the importance of interactions among core constituencies of voters, legislators, and executives in a democratic polity but cannot explain the adoption of merit in autocracies and are not corroborated empirically outside Anglo-Saxon democracies. Based on insights from repeated game theory, this article proposes a ...
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作者：Reiter, Bernd
作者单位：State University System of Florida; University of South Florida
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作者：Egeberg, Morten; Trondal, Jarle
作者单位：University of Oslo
摘要：Previous studies have shown that agencification tends to reduce political control within a government portfolio. However, doubts have been raised as regards to the robustness of these findings. In this article we document that agency officials pay significantly less attention to signals from executive politicians than their counterparts within ministerial (cabinet-level) departments. This finding holds when we control for variation in tasks, the political salience of issue areas, and officials...
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作者：Mashaw, Jerry L.
作者单位：Yale University
摘要：The George W. Bush administration was more aggressive than most in asserting independent executive competence pursuant to the president's joint roles as commander in chief of the armed forces and as head of the executive branch. One of its legacies is that the rule of law is an unsettled matter, both intellectually and practically. While constitutional reform to provide a framework for law-based governance under emergency conditions may be required, it is unlikely to occur. Analysis should con...
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作者：Trampusch, Christine
作者单位：University of Bern
摘要：This article analyzes how the EU's vocational education and training (VET) policy is reflected in domestic reforms in Germany and Austria. It perceives Europeanization as a heuristic concept to disentangle a twofold process of institutional change: The first process, the Europeanized arena of change, concerns change initiated by the reactions of domestic actors to EU initiatives; the second process of change-the domestic arena of change-concerns the ongoing incremental endogenous change in dom...
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作者：Rudalevige, Andrew
作者单位：Dickinson College
摘要：advice and information support function has been performed. Some studies go further to suggest certain principles for designing the advice- and information-giving process involved in presidential decision making, along with organizational features to implement such principles. A well-established principle, based on comparative case studies, is that presidents should institutionalize distrust. Implementation of this principle usually involves channeling competing options, along with supporting ...
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作者：Horak, Martin
作者单位：Western University (University of Western Ontario)
