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作者：Pollack, Mark A.
作者单位：Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University
摘要：The 21st century has witnessed a backlash against many international courts (ICs). Studies of IC backlash have generally taken an optimistic tack, noting that most courts have survived backlash intact or-in the case of the paralyzed Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO)-are likely to do so after a temporary period of slumber. In this context, this paper analyzes the United States' successful effort to paralyze the AB, deriving lessons from this deviant case of backlash agai...
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作者：Goenaga, Agustin
作者单位：Lund University
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作者：Uster, Anna
作者单位：Max Stern Yezreel Valley College
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作者：Calcara, Antonio
作者单位：University of Antwerp
摘要：5G networks are at the center of geopolitical competition. The United States has denounced market leader Huawei's ability to break into allies' sensitive networks and it has tried to convince Europeans to ban the Chinese group from their 5G markets. How are European governments and industries reacting to 5G politicization? This article argues that government-industry interactions in the handling of politically salient issues are mediated by the country's political system. In executive-dominate...
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作者：Carothers, Christopher
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania
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作者：Tesche, Tobias
作者单位：University of Amsterdam; University of Amsterdam
摘要：This article shows how the European Central Bank (ECB) reduced the risk of politicization and de facto de-delegation despite experiencing contestation. During the euro area crisis and the coronavirus emergency the ECB's monetary policy measures have been widely praised for their effectiveness. Even though the ECB is an independent trustee that cannot be easily sanctioned, it needs to engage with its principals to receive their political backing for common projects and in order to reaffirm its ...
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作者：Rangoni, Bernardo; Thatcher, Mark
作者单位：University of York - UK; Luiss Guido Carli University
摘要：National politicians in Europe have created independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) with significant powers over markets such as communications and energy. After delegation, they have engaged in institutional politicization of IRAs and undertaken numerous attempted or actual de-delegations. Yet overall de-delegation over the period 2000-2020 has been limited, as many de-delegations have been abandoned, temporary or reversed, and also counterbalanced by extensions of IRA powers. The article exam...
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作者：Rutherford, Amanda; Hameduddin, Taha
作者单位：Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; University of Kentucky; National University of Singapore
摘要：Attention to vacancies in appointee positions subject to U.S. Senate confirmation has grown dramatically. Research regarding appointee vacancies commonly assumes negative consequences-loss of political control, promotion of second-rate subordinates, undermined teamwork-for public agencies though little empirical work exists to confirm such expectations. This study tests whether vacancies at the top of U.S. federal agencies influence job satisfaction and turnover intention among upper-level emp...
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作者：Schnabel, Johanna; Dardanelli, Paolo
作者单位：Free University of Berlin; University of Kent
摘要：Conditional grant programs are widely used in federal systems to address the tension between decentralized policy provision and territorial equity, given constraints on constituent units' ability to raise revenues. While enhancing their financial capacity, conditional grants are often seen as reducing constituent units' policy autonomy. Against this backdrop, this article examines the actual impact conditional grants have on the capacity and autonomy of a constituent unit. We analyze key miles...
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作者：Meier, Kenneth J.; Xu, Xiaoyang
作者单位：American University
摘要：Studies of representative bureaucracy frequently reference the need for a critical mass before an underrepresented group can influence policy outputs or outcomes, but the empirical literature is modest and presents mixed findings. This article presents a theoretical exploration to illustrate how critical mass can link individual behavior to organizational contexts. By examining both active representation and symbolic representation at both the individual and organizational level and specifying...
