作者：Elliott, Matthew; Golub, Benjamin
作者单位：University of Cambridge; Harvard University
摘要：Suppose that agents can exert costly effort that creates nonrival, heterogeneous benefits for each other. At each possible outcome, a weighted, directed network describing marginal externalities is defined. We show that Pareto efficient outcomes are those at which the largest eigenvalue of the network is 1. An important set of efficient solutions-Lindahl outcomes-are characterized by contributions being proportional to agents' eigenvector centralities in the network. The outcomes we focus on a...
作者：Bernard, Andrew B.; Moxnes, Andreas; Saito, Yukiko U.
作者单位：Dartmouth College; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Oslo; Waseda University
摘要：This paper examines the importance of buyer-supplier relationships for firm performance. We develop a model in which firms outsource tasks and search for suppliers. Lower search and outsourcing costs lead firms to search more and find better suppliers, which in turn drives down marginal costs. We test the theory by exploiting the opening of a high-speed train line in Japan, which lowered the cost of passenger travel but left shipping costs unchanged. Using an exhaustive data set on firms' buye...
