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作者：Edmonds, Eric V.; Pavcnik, Nina; Topalova, Petia
作者单位：Dartmouth College; National Bureau of Economic Research; International Monetary Fund
摘要：Does trade policy influence schooling and child labor in low-income countries? We examine this question in the context of India's 1991 tariff reforms. While schooling increased and child labor declined in rural India in the 1990s, these trends are attenuated in districts with employment concentrated in industries losing tariff protection. As the loss of protection causes a relative rise in poverty in affected districts, families reduce schooling to save schooling costs. Girls disproportionatel...
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作者：Chou, Shin-Yi; Liu, Jin-Tan; Grossman, Michael; Joyce, Ted
作者单位：Lehigh University; National Bureau of Economic Research; National Taiwan University; City University of New York (CUNY) System; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Baruch College (CUNY)
摘要：In 1968, the Taiwanese government extended compulsory education from 6 to 9 years and opened over 150 new junior high schools at a differential rate among regions. Within each region, we exploit variations across cohorts in new junior high school openings to construct an instrument for schooling, and employ it to estimate the causal effects of mother's or father's schooling on infant birth outcomes in the years 1978-1999. Parents' schooling does cause favorable infant health outcomes. The incr...
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作者：De Giorgi, Giacomo; Pellizzari, Michele; Redaelli, Silvia
作者单位：Stanford University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Bocconi University
摘要：In this paper, we demonstrate that, in a context where peer groups do not overlap fully, it is possible to identify all the relevant parameters of the standard linear-in-means model of social interactions. We apply this novel identification structure to study peer effects in the choice of college major. Results show that one is more likely to choose a major when many of her peers make the same choice. We also show that peers can divert students from majors in which they have a relative ability...
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作者：Magruder, Jeremy R.
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：This paper examines the importance of network-based intergenerational correlations in South Africa. I use longitudinal data on young South Africans to examine the covariance of children's employment with the usefulness of parents in their job search. I find that fathers serve as useful network connections to their sons (not daughters), and that mothers do not seem to be useful network connections. The father-son effect is robust to alternate explanations of specific human capital and correlate...
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作者：Fryer, Roland G., Jr.; Levitt, Steven D.
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We document and analyze the emergence of a substantial gender gap in mathematics in the early years of schooling using a large, recent, and nationally representative panel of US children. There are no mean differences between boys and girls upon entry to school, but girls lose more than two-tenths of a standard deviation relative to boys over the first six years of school. The ground lost by girls relative to boys is roughly half as large as the black-white test score gap that appears over the...
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作者：Sydnor, Justin
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
摘要：Despite the large literature on anomalies in risky choice, very little research has explored the relevance of these insights in real insurance markets. This paper uses new data on consumers' choices of deductibles for home insurance to provide evidence that a surprising level of risk aversion over modest stakes is a reality in the market. Most customers purchase low deductibles despite costs significantly above the expected value. Fitting these choices to a standard model of risk aversion yiel...
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作者：Jayachandran, Seema; Lleras-Muney, Adriana; Smith, Kimberly V.
作者单位：Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Mathematica
摘要：This paper studies the contribution of sulfa drugs, a groundbreaking medical innovation in the 1930s, to declines in US mortality. For several infectious diseases, sulfa drugs represented the first effective treatment. Using time-series and difference-in-differences methods, we find that sulfa drugs led to a 24 to 36 percent decline in maternal mortality, 17 to 32 percent decline in pneumonia mortality, and 52 to 65 percent decline in scarlet fever mortality between 1937 and 1943. Altogether, ...
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作者：Adda, Jerome; Cornaglia, Francesca
作者单位：University of London; University College London; University of London; Queen Mary University London
摘要：We evaluate the effect of smoking bans and excise taxes on the exposure to tobacco smoke of nonsmokers, and we show their unintended consequences on children. Smoking bans perversely increase nonsmokers' exposure by displacing smokers to private places where they contaminate nonsmokers. We exploit data on bio-samples of cotinine, time use, and smoking cessation, as well as state and time variation in anti-smoking policies across US states. We find that higher taxes are an efficient way to decr...
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作者：Akee, Randall K. Q.; Copeland, William E.; Keeler, Gordon; Angold, Adrian; Costello, E. Jane
作者单位：Tufts University; Duke University
摘要：We examine the role an exogenous increase in household income, due to a government transfer unrelated to household characteristics, plays in children's long-run outcomes. Children in affected households have higher levels of education in their young adulthood and a lower incidence of criminality for minor offenses. Effects differ by initial household poverty status. An additional $4,000 per year for the poorest households increases educational attainment by one year at age 21, and reduces the ...
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作者：Meier, Stephan; Sprenger, Charles
作者单位：Columbia University; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：Some individuals borrow extensively on their credit cards. This paper tests whether present-biased time preferences correlate with credit card borrowing. In afield study, we elicit individual time preferences with incentivized choice experiments, and match resulting time preference measures to individual credit reports and annual tax returns. The results indicate that present-biased individuals are more likely to have credit card debt, and to have significantly higher amounts of credit card de...
