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作者：David, Guy; Markowitz, Sara; Richards-Shubik, Seth
作者单位：University of Pennsylvania; Emory University; Carnegie Mellon University
摘要：This paper analyzes the relationship between postmarketing promotional activity and reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by modeling the interaction between a regulator (the FDA) and a pharmaceutical firm. Promotion-driven market expansions enhance profitability yet may involve the risk of inappropriate drug prescriptions, leading to regulatory actions against the firm. We empirically test the relationship between drug promotion and reporting of ADRs using an innovative combination of co...
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作者：Saez, Emmanuel
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：This paper uses tax return data to analyze bunching at the kink points of the US income tax schedule We estimate the compensated elasticity of reported income with respect to (one minus) the marginal tax rate using bunching evidence We find clear evidence of bunching around the first kink point of the Earned Income Tax Credit but concentrated solely among the self-employed A simple tax evasion model can account for those results We find evidence of bunching at the threshold of the first income...
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作者：Banerjee, Abhijit V.; Banerji, Rukmini; Duflo, Esther; Glennerster, Rachel; Khemani, Stuti
作者单位：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); The World Bank
摘要：Participation of beneficiaries in the monitoring of public services is increasingly seen as a key to improving their quality We conducted a randomized evaluation of three interventions to encourage beneficiaries' participation to India providing information on existing institutions, training community members in a testing tool for children, and training volunteers to hold remedial reading camps These interventions had no impact on community involvement, teacher effort, or learning outcomes ins...
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作者：Klier, Thomas; Linn, Joshua
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Chicago; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
摘要：This paper uses a unique dataset of monthly new vehicle sales by detailed model from 1978 to 2007, and implements a new identification strategy to estimate the effect of the price of gasoline on individual vehicle model sales We control for unobserved vehicle and consumer characteristics by using within model year changes in the price of gasoline and sales We find a significant sales response, suggesting that the gasoline price increase from 2002 to 2007 explains nearly half of the decline in ...
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作者：Blomquist, Soren; Christiansen, Vidar; Micheletto, Luca
作者单位：Uppsala University; University of Oslo; University of Milan; Bocconi University
摘要：Using an optimal taxation model combined with a previously neglected scheme of public provision of private goods, we show that there is an efficiency gain if public provision of selected goods replaces market purchases and that efficiency requires marginal income tax rates to be higher than if the goods were purchased in the market. Part of the marginal tax serves the same role as a market price and conveys information about a real social cost of working more hours. It might be that economies ...
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作者：Elfenbein, Daniel W.; McManus, Brian
作者单位：Washington University (WUSTL); University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
摘要：To study whether consumers will pay more for products that generate charitable donations, we analyze data from eBay on charity and noncharity auctions of otherwise identical products. Charity prices are 6 percent higher, on average, than noncharity prices. Bids below the closing price are also higher, as are bids by individuals bidding on identical charity and noncharity products. Bidders appear to value charity revenue at least partially as a public good, as they submit bids earlier in charit...
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作者：Fack, Gabrielle; Landais, Camille
作者单位：Barcelona School of Economics; Pompeu Fabra University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：This paper estimates the effect of tax incentives for charitable contributions in France. We focus on two reforms that increased the non-refundable tax credit rate for charitable contributions by 32 percent. We use a difference-in-difference identification, comparing the evolution of contributions for groups of households with similar income, but different taxable status due to differences in family size. We control for censoring issues and investigate distributional effects using a three-step...
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作者：Chetty, Raj; Saez, Emmanuel
作者单位：Harvard University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：Recent evidence on the effect of dividend taxes on firm behavior is inconsistent with neoclassical theories of dividend and corporate taxation We develop a simple agency model in which managers and shareholders have conflicting interests to explain the evidence In this model, dividend taxation induces managers to undertake unproductive investments by retaining earnings, and creates a first-order deadweight cost In contrast, corporate taxes do not distort the manager's payout decision and may o...
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作者：Currie, Janet; DellaVigna, Stefano; Moretti, Enrico; Pathania, Vikram
作者单位：Columbia University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Cornerstone Research
摘要：We investigate how changes in the supply of fast food restaurants affect weight outcomes of 3 million children and 3 million pregnant women Among ninth graders, a fast food restaurant within 0 I miles of a school results in a 5 2 percent increase in obesity rates Among pregnant women, a fast-food restaurant within 0 5 miles of residence results in a I 6 percent increase in the probability of gaining over 20 kilos The implied effects on caloric intake are one order of magnitude larger for child...
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作者：Ludwig, Alexander; Reiter, Michael
作者单位：University of Cologne
摘要：We model the reaction of a PAYG pension system to demographic shocks. We compare the ex ante first best and second best solution of a Ramsey planner with full commitment to the outcome under simple third best rules. The model is calibrated to the German economy. We find that the German systetm comes relatively close to the second-best solution, and that the recent baby-boom/baby-bust cycle leads to welfare losses of about 5 percent of lifetime consumption far some cohorts. We argue that it is ...
