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作者：Hanna, Rema N.; Linden, Leigh L.
作者单位：Harvard University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
摘要：We report the results of an experiment that was designed to test for discrimination in grading in India. We recruited teachers to grade exams. We randomly assigned child characteristics (age, gender, and caste) to the cover sheets of the exams to ensure that there is no relationship between these observed characteristics and the exam quality. We find that teachers give exams that are assigned to be lower caste scores that are about 0.03 to 0.08 standard deviations lower than those that are ass...
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作者：Edmonds, Eric V.; Schady, Norbert
作者单位：Dartmouth College; Inter-American Development Bank
摘要：Poor women with children in Ecuador were selected at random for a cash transfer that is less than 20 percent of median child labor earnings. Poor families with children in school at the time of the award use the transfer to postpone the child's entry into the labor force. Students in families induced to take up the transfer by the experiment reduce paid employment by 78 percent and unpaid economic activity inside their home by 32 percent. Time in unpaid household services increases, but overal...
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作者：Harding, Matthew; Leibtag, Ephraim; Lovenheim, Michael F.
作者单位：Stanford University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Cornell University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We use Nielsen Homescan data to examine who bears the economic burden of cigarette taxes. We find cigarette taxes are less than fully passed through to consumer prices, suggesting consumers and producers split the excess burden of these taxes. Using information on consumer location, we show the availability of lower-tax goods across state borders creates significant differences in the pass-through rate. Tax avoidance opportunities also have a sizable effect on purchasing behavior by altering c...
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作者：Gans, Joshua S.
作者单位：University of Toronto
摘要：This paper examines whether climate change policies will induce innovation in environmentally friendly technologies. The model demonstrates that a tighter emissions cap will reduce the scale of fossil fuel usage and that this will diminish incentives to improve fossil fuel efficiencies. In addition, such policies may stimulate the relative demand for innovations that improve the efficiency of alternative energy but carbon scarcity may diminish innovation incentives overall. Only for technologi...
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作者：Behaghel, Luc; Blau, David M.
作者单位：INRAE; Paris School of Economics; Institut Polytechnique de Paris; ENSAE Paris; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
摘要：We use a US Social Security reform as a quasi-experiment to provide evidence on framing effects in retirement behavior. The reform increased the full retirement age (FRA) from 65 to 66 in two-month increments per year of birth. We find strong evidence that the spike in the benefit claiming hazard at 65 moved in lockstep along with the FRA. Results on self-reported retirement and exit from employment go in the same direction. The responsiveness to the new FRA is stronger for people with higher ...
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作者：McMullen, Steven C.; Rouse, Kathryn E.
作者单位：Calvin University; Elon University
摘要：In 2007, 22 Wake County, North Carolina traditional calendar schools were switched to year-round calendars, spreading the 180 instructional days evenly across the year. This paper presents a human capital model to illustrate the conditions under which these calendars might affect achievement. We then exploit the natural experiment to evaluate the impact of year-round schooling on student achievement using a multi-level fixed effects model. Results suggest that year-round schooling has essentia...
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作者：Knight, Brian; Schiff, Nathan
作者单位：Brown University; University of British Columbia
摘要：This paper investigates competition between jurisdictions in the context of cross-border shopping for state lottery tickets. Our theoretical model, in which consumers consider both travel costs and lottery payoffs, predicts that per-resident sales should be more responsive to prices in small states with densely populated borders. Using weekly sales data from US lotteries and drawing identification from the roll-over feature of jackpots, we estimate this responsiveness and find large effects th...
