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作者：Hanna, Rema N.; Linden, Leigh L.
作者单位：Harvard University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
摘要：We report the results of an experiment that was designed to test for discrimination in grading in India. We recruited teachers to grade exams. We randomly assigned child characteristics (age, gender, and caste) to the cover sheets of the exams to ensure that there is no relationship between these observed characteristics and the exam quality. We find that teachers give exams that are assigned to be lower caste scores that are about 0.03 to 0.08 standard deviations lower than those that are ass...
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作者：Mertens, Karel; Ravn, Morten O.
作者单位：Cornell University; University of London; University College London; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：We provide evidence on the dynamic effects of tax liability changes in the United States. We distinguish between surprise and anticipated tax changes. Preannounced but not yet implemented tax cuts give rise to contractions in output, investment, and hours worked while real wages increase. There are no significant anticipation effects on aggregate consumption. Implemented tax cuts, regardless of their timing, have expansionary effects, on output, consumption, investment, hours worked, and real ...
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作者：Edmonds, Eric V.; Schady, Norbert
作者单位：Dartmouth College; Inter-American Development Bank
摘要：Poor women with children in Ecuador were selected at random for a cash transfer that is less than 20 percent of median child labor earnings. Poor families with children in school at the time of the award use the transfer to postpone the child's entry into the labor force. Students in families induced to take up the transfer by the experiment reduce paid employment by 78 percent and unpaid economic activity inside their home by 32 percent. Time in unpaid household services increases, but overal...
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作者：Clemens, Jeffrey; Miran, Stephen
作者单位：Stanford University
摘要：Balanced budget requirements lead to substantial pro-cyclicality in state government spending, with the stringency of a state's rules driving the pace at which it must adjust to shocks. We show that fiscal institutions can generate natural experiments in deficit-financed spending that are informative regarding fiscal stabilization policy. Alternative sources of variation in subnational fiscal policy often implicitly involve windfall financing, which precludes any effect of future debt or taxat...
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作者：Fowlie, Meredith; Knittel, Christopher R.; Wolfram, Catherine
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
摘要：For political and practical reasons, environmental regulations sometimes treat point-source polluters, such as power plants, differently from mobile-source polluters, such as vehicles. This paper measures the extent of this regulatory asymmetry in the case of nitrogen oxides (NOx), the most recalcitrant criteria air pollutant in the United States. We find significant differences in marginal abatement costs across source types: the marginal cost of reducing NOx from cars is less than half the m...
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作者：Harding, Matthew; Leibtag, Ephraim; Lovenheim, Michael F.
作者单位：Stanford University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Cornell University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：We use Nielsen Homescan data to examine who bears the economic burden of cigarette taxes. We find cigarette taxes are less than fully passed through to consumer prices, suggesting consumers and producers split the excess burden of these taxes. Using information on consumer location, we show the availability of lower-tax goods across state borders creates significant differences in the pass-through rate. Tax avoidance opportunities also have a sizable effect on purchasing behavior by altering c...
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作者：Novy-Marx, Robert; Rauh, Joshua D.
作者单位：University of Rochester; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Rochester; Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Northwestern University
摘要：During the last quarter of 2008, financial losses in state pension funds varied from 12 percent to 68 percent of the revenue generated by the state government. We quantify a sovereign default channel in the state municipal market by examining how changes in bond spreads vary with state pension fund losses, controlling for credit ratings and various measures of the state's fiscal strength. Municipal bond spreads rose by 7-15 basis points for each 10 percent of state-generated revenue lost by st...
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作者：Gans, Joshua S.
作者单位：University of Toronto
摘要：This paper examines whether climate change policies will induce innovation in environmentally friendly technologies. The model demonstrates that a tighter emissions cap will reduce the scale of fossil fuel usage and that this will diminish incentives to improve fossil fuel efficiencies. In addition, such policies may stimulate the relative demand for innovations that improve the efficiency of alternative energy but carbon scarcity may diminish innovation incentives overall. Only for technologi...
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作者：Auerbach, Alan J.; Gorodnichenko, Yuriy
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：A key issue in current research and policy is the size of fiscal multipliers when the economy is in recession. We provide three insights. First, using regime-switching models, we find large differences in the size of spending multipliers in recessions and expansions with fiscal policy being considerably more effective in recessions than in expansions. Second, we estimate multipliers for more disaggregate spending variables which behave differently relative to aggregate fiscal policy shocks, wi...
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作者：Chen, Yihsu; Whalley, Alexander
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Merced; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The transportation sector is a major source of air pollution worldwide, yet little is known about the effects of transportation infrastructure on air quality. This paper quantifies the effects of one major type of transportation infrastructure-urban rail transit-on air quality using the sharp discontinuity in ridership on opening day of a new rail transit system in Taipei. We find that the opening of the Metro reduced air pollution from one key tailpipe pollutant, carbon monoxide, by 5 to 15 p...
