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作者：Beetsma, Roel; Cukierman, Alex; Giuliodori, Massimo
作者单位：University of Amsterdam; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); Reichman University; Tel Aviv University
摘要：We present legislative, historical and statistical evidence of a substantial upward ratchet in transfers and taxes in the US due to World War II. This finding is explained within a political-economy framework with defense spending responding to a war threat and a median voter in the population who interacts with a (richer) agenda setter in Congress in setting redistribution. While the setter managed to cap redistribution before the War, the War itself raised the status quo tax burden and impro...
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作者：Cotti, Chad; Nesson, Erik; Tefft, Nathan
作者单位：University of Wisconsin System; Ball State University
摘要：We analyze the Nielsen Household Consumer Panel to estimate the effects of tobacco policies on tobacco-related purchases using within-household variation. We also match purchases to cigarette contents from NHANES. Higher cigarette taxes reduce cigarette purchases and increase smoking cessation product purchases, while estimates of smoking ban effects are less precisely estimated. Smokeless tobacco (SLT) taxes lead to reductions in SLT use but also lead to substitution among SLT products. We fi...
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作者：Bernheim, B. Douglas; Meer, Jonathan; Novarro, Neva K.
作者单位：Stanford University; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Claremont Colleges; Pomona College
摘要：This paper provides evidence concerning the extent to which consumers of liquor employ commitment devices. One widely recommended commitment strategy is to regulate alcohol consumption by deliberately manipulating availability. The paper assesses the prevalence of the availability strategy by evaluating the effects of policies that would influence its effectiveness- specifically, changes in allowable Sunday sales hours. It finds that consumers increase their liquor consumption in response to ...
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作者：Triyana, Margaret
作者单位：Nanyang Technological University; University of Notre Dame
摘要：This paper exploits the subdistrict randomization of Indonesia's household Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program to analyze how the program affects the local health care market. The CCT program is associated with increased use of midwives as the main delivery attendants. The program is also associated with a 10 percent increase in both the number of midwives and the delivery fees charged by midwives in treated communities. Program participants report receiving a higher quality of prenatal ca...
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作者：Buchmueller, Thomas; Miller, Sarah; Vujicic, Marko
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
摘要：This study evaluates how large changes in public health insurance coverage affect provider behavior and patient wait times by analyzing a common type of primary care: dental services. When states expand coverage of dental services to adult Medicaid beneficiaries, dentists' participation in Medicaid increases and dentists see more publicly insured patients. Dentists supply more visits but only modestly increase the amount of time spent working. They achieve this in part by making greater use of...
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作者：Shapiro, Joseph S.
作者单位：Yale University
摘要：This paper quantifies how international trade affects CO2 emissions and analyzes the welfare consequences of regulating the CO2 emissions from shipping. To this end, the paper describes a model of trade and the environment, compiles new data on the CO2 emissions from shipping, and estimates key parameters using panel data regressions. Results show that the benefits of international trade exceed trade's environmental costs due to CO2 emissions by two orders of magnitude. While proposed regional...
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作者：Levitt, Steven D.; List, John A.; Neckermann, Susanne; Sadoff, Sally
作者单位：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of California System; University of California San Diego
摘要：We explore the power of behavioral economics to influence the level of effort exerted by students in a low stakes testing environment. We find a substantial impact on test scores from incentives when the rewards are delivered immediately. There is suggestive evidence that rewards framed as losses outperform those framed as gains. Nonfinancial incentives can be considerably more cost-effective than financial incentives for younger students, but are less effective with older students. All motiva...
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作者：Manoli, Day; Weber, Andrea
作者单位：University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Vienna University of Economics & Business
摘要：This paper presents new evidence on the effects of retirement benefits on labor force participation decisions. The analysis is based on a mandated rule for employer-provided retirement benefits in Austria that creates discontinuities in the incentives for workers to delay retirement. The paper presents graphical evidence on labor supply responses and develops a conceptual framework that accounts for the dynamic incentive structure and for adjustment frictions. Using bunching methods, a semi-el...
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作者：Graziani, Grant; Van Der Klaauw, Wilbert; Zafar, Basit
作者单位：University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - New York
摘要：This paper investigates workers' spending response to the 2011 payroll tax cuts. Respondents were surveyed at the beginning and end of 2011, which allows the comparison of ex ante and ex post reported use of the extra income. While workers on average intended to spend 14 percent of their tax cut income, they ex post reported spending 36 percent of the funds. This pattern of higher spending ex post is shared across all demographic groups. Differences across workers in this shift to greater ex p...
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作者：Yang, Crystal S.
摘要：Ten percent of federal judgeships are currently vacant, yet little is known on the impact of these vacancies on criminal justice outcomes. Using judge deaths and pension eligibility as instruments for vacancies, I find that prosecutors dismiss more cases during vacancies. Prosecuted defendants are more likely to plead guilty and less likely to be incarcerated during vacancies, with defendants who are detained pretrial more likely to be incarcerated. The current rate of vacancies has resulted i...
