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作者：Leblebicioglu, Asli; Savaser, Tanseli
作者单位：City University of New York (CUNY) System; Baruch College (CUNY)
摘要：We explore the consequences of trade secret protection for new business formation in the United States. We find the states that adopt the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA), which enhances intellectual property rights, experience an overall decline in firm and establishment entry rates. This result is driven by the reduction in the establishment entry rates of start-ups and small firms. By contrast, the law increases the establishment entry rates of incumbents and larger firms. The negative impa...
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作者：Lake, James; Liu, Ding
作者单位：University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; Analysis Group Inc.
摘要：President George W. Bush imposed safeguard tariffs on steel in early 2002. Using US input-output tables and a generalized difference-in-difference methodology, we analyze the local labor market employment effects of these tariffs depending on the local labor market's reliance on steel as an input and as part of local production. The tariffs did not boost local steel employment but substantially depressed local employment in steel-consuming industries for many years after Bush removed them. The...
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作者：Auer, Daniel; Kunz, Johannes S.
作者单位：Collegio Carlo Alberto; University of Mannheim; Monash University
摘要：This paper investigates the intergenerational effect of communication barriers on child health at birth. We study refugees in Switzerland who come from French-or Italian-speaking countries and who, upon arrival, are randomly allocated to different cantons in which either German, French, or Italian is the dominant language. Children born to mothers who were exogenously allocated to a region whose dominant language matches their origin language are, on average, 72 grams (or 2.2 percent) heavier....
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作者：Nigai, Sergey
作者单位：University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
摘要：I examine the international transmission of income inequality through trade. Using firm-level and aggregate data, I find that exporting to more unequal countries increases domestic inequality. I rationalize this finding by developing a model of international consumer targeting in which firms serve specific consumer segments in each market. Inequality in export markets shapes the distribution of firms' profits and, therefore, the incomes of individuals linked to them, widening domestic inequali...
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作者：Weinstein, Russell
作者单位：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
摘要：Using mobility report card data, I show the income gap between alumni of elite and less selective universities widened for cohorts graduating during the Great Recession. This is evident for mean and median incomes and access to high earning percentiles. Results do not appear driven by differences in student composition, including parental income. Using a unique dataset of recruiting strategies for prestigious firms, I highlight one channel through which university selectivity may have a causal...
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作者：Briole, Simon; Gurgand, Marc; Maurin, Eric; McNally, Sandra; Ruiz-valenzuela, Jenifer; Santin, Daniel
作者单位：Universite de Montpellier; Paris School of Economics; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of Surrey; University of Barcelona; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; Complutense University of Madrid
摘要：This paper shows that schools can foster the transmission of civic virtues by helping students to develop concrete, democratically chosen, collective projects. We draw on an RCT implemented in 200 middle schools in three countries. The program leads students to conduct citizenship projects in their communities under the supervision of teachers trained in the intervention. The intervention caused a decline in absenteeism and disciplinary sanctions at school, alongside improved academic achievem...
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作者：Sabet, Navid; Liebald, Marius; Friebel, Guido
作者单位：Goethe University Frankfurt; Uppsala University; Goethe University Frankfurt; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：We document that right-wing terrorism leads to significant increases in vote share for the right-wing, populist AfD (Alternative f & uuml;r Deutschland) party in Germany. To identify causal effects, we exploit quasi-random variation between successful and failed attacks across municipalities. Using the SOEP, a longitudinal panel of individuals, we find successful terror leads individuals to prefer the AfD and worry about migration. Political parties-the AfD in particular- adjust their messagin...
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作者：Pairolero, Nicholas A.; Toole, Andrew A.; Pappas, Peter-Anthony; de Grazia, Charles A. W.; Teodorescu, Mike H. M.
作者单位：University of Washington
摘要：Analyzing a randomized control trial at the United States Patent and Trademark Office that was designed to provide additional help to applicants who do not have legal representation, we find heterogeneous causal impacts across inventor gender, driven primarily by an increase in successful negotiations by women inventor teams via the use of examiner's amendments. While both men and women applicants benefited, the probability of obtaining a patent was over 12 percentage points greater for women....
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作者：Sager, Lutz; Singer, Gregor
作者单位：ESSEC Business School; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
摘要：We assess the US Clean Air Act standards for fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Using high-resolution data, we find that the 2005 regulation reduced PM2.5 levels by 0.4 mu g/m3 over five years, with larger effects in more polluted areas. Standard difference-in-differences overstates these effects by a factor of three because time trends differ by baseline pollution, a bias we overcome with three alternative approaches. We show that the regulation contributed to narrowing Urban-Rural and Black-Wh...
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作者：Edwards, Ashley; Ortagus, Justin; Smith, Jonathan; Smythe, Andria
作者单位：University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University System of Georgia; Georgia State University; Howard University
摘要：Using data from nearly 1.2 million Black SAT takers, we find that students initially enrolling in a historically Black college and university (HBCU) are 14.6 percentage points more likely to earn a bachelor's degree and, around age 30, have 5 percent higher household income and $12,000 more in student loan balances than those who do not enroll in an HBCU. We find that results are largely driven by an increased likelihood of completing a degree from relatively broad-access HBCUs in lieu of a tw...
