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作者：Affeldt, Pauline; Filistrucchi, Lapo; Klein, Tobias J.
作者单位：University of Florence; Tilburg University
摘要：Measuring upward pricing pressure (UPP) has recently been proposed by Farrell and Shapiro (2010) as an alternative screening device for horizontal mergers. We extend the concept of UPP to two-sided markets. Examples of such markets are the newspaper market, where the demand for advertising is related to the number of readers and the market for online search, where advertising demand depends on the number of users. The formulae we derive depend on four sets of diversion ratios that can either b...
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作者：Doleac, Jennifer L.; Stein, Luke C. D.
作者单位：University of Virginia; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
摘要：We examine the effect of race on market outcomes by selling iPods through local online classified advertisements throughout the US. Each advertisement features a photograph including a dark or light-skinned hand, or one with a wrist tattoo. Black sellers receive fewer and lower offers than white sellers, and the correspondence with black sellers indicates lower levels of trust. Black sellers' outcomes are particularly poor in thin markets (suggesting that discrimination may not survive' compet...
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作者：Katsoulacos, Yannis; Ulph, David
作者单位：Athens University of Economics & Business; University of St Andrews
摘要：This article makes two contributions to the literature linking penalties charged by competition authorities to observed cartel price overcharges. (i) It extends the theory of optimal penalties by introducing new considerations regarding the timing of penalty decisions. Drawing on a new European data set to calculate these additional factors, the optimal penalty is shown to be approximately 75% of that implied by the conventional formula. (ii) It shows that because penalties are typically impos...
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作者：Bageri, Vasiliki; Katsoulacos, Yannis; Spagnolo, Giancarlo
作者单位：Athens University of Economics & Business; Stockholm School of Economics
摘要：In most jurisdictions, antitrust fines are based on affected commerce rather than on collusive profits, and in some others, caps on fines are introduced based on total firm sales rather than on affected commerce. We uncover a number of distortions that these policies generate, propose simple models to characterise their comparative static properties and quantify them with simulations based on market data. We conclude by discussing the obvious need to depart from these distortive rules of thumb...
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作者：Guryan, Jonathan; Charles, Kerwin Kofi
作者单位：Northwestern University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Chicago
摘要：We briefly review the evolution of empirical work on discrimination. We discuss why traditional regression-based approaches neither convincingly measure market discrimination nor disentangle the relative importance of animus versus statistical discrimination in explaining such discrimination as exists. We describe the development of modern correspondence studies. We argue that these studies have the promise to credibly identify the presence of discrimination if not its magnitude, can inform us...
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作者：Davies, Stephen; De, Oindrila
作者单位：University of East Anglia; Indian Institute of Management (IIM System); Indian Institute of Management Indore
摘要：The concept of a cartel ringleader has specific legal meaning but has received relatively little attention in the economic literature of cartels. This article draws on a sample of 89 European cartels to identify how often ringleaders exist, who they are and what they do. It argues that ringleaders are more likely where the traditional cartel problems' are likely to be most acute, i.e. with larger numbers of members exhibiting substantial size asymmetries. This is confirmed for price-fixing and...
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作者：Giovannetti, Emanuele; Magazzini, Laura
作者单位：Anglia Ruskin University; University of Verona
摘要：Empirical evidence on resale price maintenance (RPM) is scarce. This article provides novel empirical evidence based on a unique database of RPM complaints, lodged in the UK to the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) between 2007 and 2009. We describe the characteristics of the commodity being traded and of the relevant upstream and downstream firms and their sectors. We then present an econometric analysis to assess how the probability of compliance to the OFT request to withdraw the RPM can be affe...
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作者：Davis, Peter; Fletcher, Amelia
作者单位：University of London; University College London; University of East Anglia
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作者：Duso, Tomaso; Gugler, Klaus; Szuecs, Florian
作者单位：Leibniz Association; DIW Berlin - Deutsches Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung; Vienna University of Economics & Business
摘要：We evaluate the economic impact of the change in European merger legislation in 2004 and propose a general framework focusing on four different policy dimensions: predictability, decision errors, reversion of anti-competitive rents and deterrence. We find that after the reform, the predictability and the accuracy of decisions have improved. Yet, the policy shift away from prohibitions, which entail both an immediate and a deterrent effect, does not seem to be well grounded.
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作者：Zussman, Asaf
作者单位：Hebrew University of Jerusalem
摘要：Using a combination of randomised field experiments, follow-up telephone surveys and other data collection efforts, this article studies the extent and the sources of ethnic discrimination in the Israeli online market for used cars. We find robust evidence of discrimination against Arab buyers and sellers which, the analysis suggests, is motivated by statistical' rather than taste' considerations. We additionally find that Arab sellers manipulate their ethnic identity in the market by leaving ...
