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作者：Jagnani, Maulik; Barrett, Christopher B.; Liu, Yanyan; You, Liangzhi
作者单位：Children's Hospital Colorado; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; Cornell University; CGIAR; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
摘要：We present evidence that farmers adjust agricultural inputs in response to within-season temperature variation, undertaking defensive investments to reduce the adverse agro-ecological impacts of warmer temperatures. Using panel data from Kenyan maize-growing households, we find that higher temperatures early in the growing season increase the use of pesticides, while reducing fertiliser use. Warmer temperatures throughout the season increase weeding effort. These adjustments arise because grea...
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作者：Bartos, Vojtech; Bauer, Michal; Chytilova, Julie; Levely, Ian
作者单位：Czech Academy of Sciences; Economics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Charles University Prague; Czech Academy of Sciences; Economics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Charles University Prague
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作者：Facchini, Giovanni; Silva, Peri; Willmann, Gerald
作者单位：University of Nottingham; Kansas State University; University of Bielefeld; Leibniz Association; Institut fur Weltwirtschaft an der Universitat Kiel (IFW)
摘要：We develop a political economy model to study the decision of representative democracies to join a preferential trading agreement, distinguishing between free trade areas and customs unions. Our theoretical analysis shows that bilateral trade imbalances and income inequality are important factors determining the formation of preferential trading agreements, whereas the patterns of geographic specialisation explain whether a customs union or a free trade area will emerge. Our empirical analysis...
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作者：Fernihough, Alan; O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortshoj
作者单位：Queens University Belfast; New York University; New York University Abu Dhabi
摘要：To what extent did growth during the Industrial Revolution depend on coal? We answer the question using a panel of European city sizes between 1300 and 1900. Prior to 1750, there was no relationship between proximity to coalfields and growth; after 1750 cities closer to coalfields grew substantially faster than those further away. We instrument for coal proximity using proximity to Carboniferous-era rock strata.
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作者：Bicakova, Alena; Cortes, Guido Matias; Mazza, Jacopo
作者单位：Charles University Prague; Czech Academy of Sciences; Economics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences; York University - Canada; University of Essex
摘要：We show that cohorts of male graduates who start college during worse economic times earn higher average wages than those who start during better times. This is not explained by differences in selection into employment, economic conditions at graduation, or field of study choices. Graduates who enrol in bad times are not more positively selected based on their high-school outcomes, but they achieve higher college grades and earn higher wages conditional on their grades. Patterns for female gra...
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作者：Allen, Douglas W.; Leonard, Bryan
作者单位：Simon Fraser University; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
摘要：In this paper we compare lands settled between 1862-1940 under the Homestead Act to lands that sold for cash during the same time. We combine recently digitised individual land patents with modern satellite data and find a negative effect of homesteading on modern land use that cannot be explained by land quality, title characteristics or unobserved differences in settlers. We test the hypothesis that early homestead settlement put homesteaders 'in the way' of future development, creating a pa...
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作者：Buggle, Johannes C.; Durante, Ruben
作者单位：University of Lausanne; ICREA; Pompeu Fabra University; Barcelona School of Economics
摘要：This paper examines the relationship between economic risk and the evolution of social cooperation. We hypothesise that trust developed in pre-industrial times as a result of experiences of cooperation aimed at coping with climatic risk. We document that European regions with higher pre-industrial climatic variability display higher levels of trust today. This effect is driven by variability in the growing season months and is more pronounced in agricultural regions. Regarding possible mechani...
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作者：Li, W.
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作者：Kuecken, Maria; Thuilliez, Josselin; Valfort, Marie-Anne
作者单位：US Food & Drug Administration (FDA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Humanities & Social Sciences (INSHS); Paris School of Economics
摘要：We estimate the effects of a large-scale antimalaria campaign on a rich set of human capital outcomes in 27 sub-Saharan African countries. Using pre-campaign malaria risk as treatment probability, we exploit quasi-experimental variation in period and cohort exposure to antimalaria campaigns. A conservative interpretation of our results shows a globally positive impact of antimalaria campaigns: they reduced the probability of infant mortality (1 p.p.) and birth (0.4 p.p.) and increased educatio...
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作者：Berkes, Enrico; Gaetani, Ruben
作者单位：University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga
摘要：Using a newly assembled data set of US patents, we show that innovation activity is less concentrated in high-density locations than commonly believed. Yet, inventions based on atypical combinations of knowledge are indeed more prevalent in high-density urban centres. To interpret this relation, we propose that informal interactions in densely populated areas help knowledge flows between distant fields, but are less relevant for flows between close fields. We build a model of innovation in a s...
