-
作者：Cull, R; Xu, LXC
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：Using a sample of Chinese state-owned enterprises spanning 1980 to 1994, we investigate the factors that determine the sources of finance for firm-level fixed investment, including retained earnings, bank finance, and government transfers. Direct government transfers were not significantly associated with profitability throughout the period. In contrast, bank finance was positively linked to both profitability and some types of reform. Reforms that enabled managers to self-select, and thus exp...
-
作者：Fafchamps, M; Lund, S
作者单位：University of Oxford; McKinsey & Company
摘要：Using detailed data on gifts, loans, and asset sales, this paper investigates how rural Filipino households deal with income and expenditure shocks. We find that shocks have a strong effect on gifts and informal loans, but little effect on sales of livestock and grain. Mutual insurance does not appear to take place at the village level; rather, households receive help primarily through networks of friends and relatives. Certain shocks are better insured than others. The evidence is consistent ...
-
作者：Pavcnik, N
作者单位：Dartmouth College; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：Although many developing countries have experienced growing income inequality and an increase in the relative demand for skilled workers during the 1980s, the sources of this trend remain a puzzle. This paper examines whether investment and adoption of skill-biased technology have contributed to within-industry skill upgrading in Chilean plants. Using semiparametric and parametric approaches, I investigate whether plant-level measures of capital and investment, the use of imported materials, f...
-
作者：Cardenas, JC
作者单位：Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
摘要：This paper explores how wealth and inequality can affect self-governed solutions to commons dilemmas by constraining group cooperation. It reports a series of experiments in the field where subjects are actual commons users. Household data about the participants' context explain statistically the usually observed wide variation found within and across groups in similar experiments. Participants' wealth and inequality reduced cooperation when groups were allowed to have face-to-face communicati...
-
作者：Bowlus, AJ; Sicular, T
作者单位：Western University (University of Western Ontario)
摘要：China's economic reforms have brought rapid growth in rural off-farm employment, raising questions about the assumption that rural China is labor surplus and has poorly functioning factor markets. We investigate this by testing for separability between household labor demand and supply using panel data. We find that separability is rejected overall, indicating that factor markets remain underdeveloped. Nonseparability, however, is associated with labor surplus in some areas and labor shortage ...
-
作者：Thirtle, C; Piesse, J; Lusigi, A; Suhariyanto, K
作者单位：Imperial College London; University of Pretoria; University of London; King's College London; Stellenbosch University
摘要：This paper applies the sequential Malmquist index to calculate multi-lateral, multi-factor productivity (MFP) indices for agriculture in the 18 districts and the commercial sector of Botswana from 1981 to 1996. The MFP index grew at an average rate of 1.7% per annum, led by the regions that specialize in livestock, which grew at well over 3% per annum. This growth was powered by technological change at 4% per year, but offset by technical efficiency falling at 2.4% per annum, as the commercial...
-
作者：Redding, S; Schott, PK
作者单位：Yale University; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK
摘要：This paper models the relationship between countries' distance from global economic activity, endogenous investments in education and economic development. Finns in remote locations pay greater trade costs on both exports and inter-mediate imports, reducing the amount of value added left to remunerate domestic factors of production. If skill-intensive sectors have higher trade costs, more pervasive input-output linkages or stronger increasing returns to scale, we show theoretically that remote...
-
作者：Rao, V; Gupta, I; Lokshin, M; Jana, S
作者单位：The World Bank
摘要：Anecdotal evidence suggests that sex workers who use condoms face large income losses because clients have a preference for condom-free sex. This has important implications for AIDS policy. We estimate the compensating differential for condom use employing data from a random sample of sex workers in Calcutta. We rely on a natural experiment-the nonsystematic placement of sex workers in a safe sex information program-to identify the relationship between condom use and the price for sex. We find...
-
作者：Park, A; Brandt, L; Giles, J
作者单位：University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Toronto; Michigan State University
摘要：We present a duopoly model of financial competition to describe the conditions under which competition leads to greater bank effort when repressed financial systems ration credit. The model features an entrant that freely sets its interest rate, and an incumbent that must charge a rate below that which is market clearing. Both players may exert costly effort to inform themselves about borrower types. Using data on rural financial institutions in China, we test empirically the effects of compet...
-
作者：Svensson, J
作者单位：Stockholm University
摘要：This paper studies a simple reform that introduces ex post incentives for the donor to reward good policies-contrary to existing practices. Instead of committing aid to each recipient ex ante and making aid conditional on reform, the donor centralizes the disbursement decision by committing aid to a group of countries. The actual amount disbursed to each individual country would depend on its relative performance. This explicit linkage of the allocation and disbursement decisions has two impor...
