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作者：Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Universite Libre de Bruxelles
摘要：Occupation charges paid by France to Nazi Germany represent one of the largest international transfers and contributed significantly to the German war effort. We employ a neoclassical growth model that incorporates essential features of the occupied economy to assess the welfare costs of the policies that managed the payments to Germany. Our lower bound estimates show that occupation payments required a severe cut in consumption. A draft of labor to Germany and a reduction of real wages added ...
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作者：Vanderbilt University
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作者：Saint Petersburg State University; Franklin & Marshall College
摘要：The trend in mean height in the Russian province of Saratov is estimated for birth cohorts from 1755 to 1892 on the basis of newly gathered archival data and published sources. Heights fell in the late eighteenth century due an increasing burden of taxes and feudal dues. Stature increased slowly throughout the nineteenth century, offering no support for the hypothesis of an agrarian crisis that provoked or followed from the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Improving living conditions can be attri...
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作者：Johns Hopkins University
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作者：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); National Bureau of Economic Research
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作者：University of Barcelona; University of Zaragoza
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作者：University of Leicester
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作者：Harvard University
摘要：Does a legal tradition adopted in the distant past constrain a country's ability to provide the protection that investors need for financial markets to develop? I look at the relationship between legal origin and the development of bond markets and find too much variation over time in bond market size, creditor protections, and court enforcement of bond contracts to assume that the adoption of a legal system constrains future financial development. I examine the evolution of bond markets in Br...
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作者：Queens University - Canada
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作者：Ball State University
