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作者：University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Davis
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作者：University of California System; University of California Davis; University of London; London School Economics & Political Science
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作者：University of Namur
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作者：Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Minneapolis
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作者：Kyoto University
摘要：This study reveals the operation of the triangular settlement system for Asia's silver absorption over the 1850s-60s, which contributed to the stabilization of the pre-1870 global monetary system. First, we demonstrate that the triangular settlement system among Britain, India, and China was established based on exchange operations. Second, we validate the bullion point method for Asia's settlement analysis and devise the triangular silver point mechanism. Third, through reconstructing silver ...
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作者：Sgard, Jerome
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作者：University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
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作者：University of Warwick
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作者：Wageningen University & Research; Utrecht University
摘要：We investigate the demographic effects of forced labor under an extractive colonial regime: the Cultivation System in nineteenth-century Java. Our panel analyses show that labor demands are strongly positively associated with mortality rates, likely resulting from malnourishment and unhygienic conditions on plantations and the spread of infectious diseases. An instrumental variable approach, using international market prices for coffee and sugar for predicting labor demands, addresses potentia...
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作者：University of East Anglia; University of East Anglia; University of East Anglia
摘要：Dublin experienced a marked stagnation in population growth in the second half of the nineteenth century, accompanied by decaying infrastructure and poor public health. Historians have emphasized that this crisis was coupled with poor governance of the city of Dublin-manifested by eroding public services together with increasing tax burdens to counteract growing debt. This paper studies the municipal boundary expansion of Dublin in 1901, which occurred as a way to alleviate the city's financia...
