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作者：New York University; New York University Abu Dhabi
摘要：Cross sections of coal prices in England for 1695, 1795, and 1842 are used to infer transportation rates by sea, river, canal, and road. The effectiveness of monopolies, the degree of market integration, and the patterns of regional supply of each mining district are then established. The growth rates of productivity in sea, river, and road transport from 1695-1842 are computed and combined with a social savings assessment of canals to measure the overall growth in the productivity of shipping...
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作者：University of Adelaide
摘要：Does market access affect information technology by shaping its diffusion and adoption? The introduction of the telephone in Bavaria is used to demonstrate that local and external market access affected both. External connections shortened the diffusion time of exchanges by 3 percent on average, while 4 percent of lines were due to such inter-city communication links. However, relatively stronger local effects from population size and demand for communication services, especially in larger cit...
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作者：University of Geneva
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作者：University of Chicago; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：The 1930s American Dust Bowl created archetypal Dust Bowl migrants, refugees from environmental collapse. I examine this archetype, comparing migration from more-eroded and less-eroded counties to distinguish Dust Bowl migrants from other migrants. Dust Bowl migrants were negatively selected, in years of education, compared to other migrants who were positively selected. Dust Bowl migrants had lower incomes than natives in their destinations, which is reflected in popular impressions. I estima...
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作者：University of Arizona; Stellenbosch University; National Bureau of Economic Research; Bowdoin College; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
摘要：During the late 1930s, the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) developed a series of area descriptions with color-coded maps of cities that summarized mortgage lending risk. We analyze the maps to explain the oft-noted fact that black neighborhoods overwhelmingly received the lowest rating. Our results suggest that racial bias in the construction of the HOLC maps can explain at most 4 to 20 percent of the observed concentration of black households in the lowest-rated zones. We also provide ev...
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作者：University of Texas System; University of Texas El Paso; Middle Tennessee State University; Middle Tennessee State University
摘要：Napoleon Bonaparte revolutionized the practice of war with his reliance on a mass national army and large-scale conscription. This system faced one major obstacle: draft evasion. This article discusses Napoleon's response to widespread draft evasion. First, we show that draft dodging rates across France varied with geographic characteristics. Second, we provide evidence that the regime adopted a strategy of discriminatory conscription enforcement by setting a lower (higher) conscription rate f...
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作者：University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; National Bureau of Economic Research
摘要：This paper provides the first evidence of the effect of tax policy on violent attacks against Black politicians. I find a positive effect of local tax revenue on subsequent violence against Black politicians. A dollar increase in per capita county taxes in 1870 increased the likelihood of a violent attack by more than 25 percent. The result is robust to controls for numerous economic, historical, and political factors. I also find counties where Black officeholders were attacked have the large...
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作者：Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
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作者：Lund University; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; International Institute of Social History (IISH-KNAW)
摘要：This paper investigates the evolution of gender equality in Sweden during a phase characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and demographic transition. To this end, we build a database with quantitative indicators to construct a spatial Historical Gender Gap Index. We find that after a period of stagnation, Sweden made significant progress in closing the gender gap from the 1940s onward to reach the high level of gender equality that it is now famous for. The empirical exploration of t...
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作者：A'Hearn, Brian; Rueda, Valeria
