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作者：Renmin University of China
摘要：This paper studies the relationship between military conflicts and state-building in pre-imperial China. I develop an incomplete contract model to examine rulers' and local administrators' incentives in conflict. Defensive wars drive decentralization: landowning local administrators have more to gain from a successful defense and are therefore more committed to it. Offensive wars drive centralization: the landowning ruler has personnel control over the non-landowning local administrator and ca...
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作者：University of Vienna
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作者：University of Nottingham; University of Essex; Australian National University; Free University of Berlin
摘要：The 1965 Immigration Act represented a radical shift in U.S. policy, which has been credited with dramatically expanding the volume and changing the composition of immigration. Its passing has often been described as the result of political machinations negotiated within Congress without regard to public opinion. We show that congressional voting was consistent with public opinion on abolishing the country-of-origin quotas but not with the desire to limit the volume of immigration. While the f...
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作者：University of London; University College London
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作者：Stanford University
摘要：Elites were pivotal for Latin America's modernization, yet granular evidence of their industrial entrepreneurship is limited. I study Antioquia, an early center of industrialization, from the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. Analyzing elite interactions via newfound archival data and exploiting unexpected deaths as exogenous shocks, I find global connectivity-not local-drove industrial entrepreneurship. This suggests diverse resources unavailable in markets but accessible through ...
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作者：New York University; New York University Abu Dhabi; Chulalongkorn University
摘要：How do external threats to state sovereignty benefit local development? In this paper, we look at Thailand's railroad projects in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as an example of a state's strategic response to colonial encroachment. By transporting government officials and establishing a permanent administrative presence, the railways served to ensure Thailand's sovereignty over peripheral regions and bring them under direct governance. These regions, long considered economi...
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作者：University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Anchorage
摘要：This paper estimates the migratory and fertility effects of the federal Relocation Program, which attempted to move Native American individuals to urban areas under the promises of financial assistance and job training. I find the Relocation Program increased the Native American population in the target cities by more than 100,000 people. I also find that second- and third-generation Native American women living in cities have a 50 percent lower fertility rate than those living in areas with h...
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作者：Universite Federale Toulouse Midi-Pyrenees (ComUE); Universite de Toulouse; Institut d'Etudes Politiques Toulouse (SciencePo Toulouse); Universite Federale Toulouse Midi-Pyrenees (ComUE); Universite de Toulouse; Institut d'Etudes Politiques Toulouse (SciencePo Toulouse); Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
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作者：Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
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作者：University of Pennsylvania; Center for Economic & Policy Research (CEPR); European Central Bank; Bank of Italy
摘要：Due to a dearth of data, nineteenth century lending to sovereign borrowers was a blind date. We argue this is the reason for collateral pledges found in contemporary lending covenants, which enabled not execution, but the production of reliable fiscal data. Lawyers injected collateral clauses in sovereign debt covenants to permit credible disclosure of hard-to-access tax data. The study foregrounds the importance of big law firms as financial intermediaries and information producers. It also c...
