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作者：Diamond, P
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作者：Spraggon, J
作者单位：Lakehead University
摘要：The ability of four instruments within the general class of exogenous targeting instruments, proposed by Segerson [Journal of Environmental Economic Management 15 (1988) 87], to induce socially optimal outcomes in a group moral hazard environment is investigated in an experiment based on Nalbantian and Schotter [American Economic Review 87 (1997) 314]. Both instruments based on the Holmstrom [Bell Journal of Economics 13 (1982) 324] forcing contract with multiple equilibria, and instruments ba...
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作者：Cutler, DM; Knaul, F; Lozano, R; Méndez, O; Zurita, B
作者单位：Harvard University; World Health Organization
摘要：We study the impact of economic crisis on health in Mexico. There have been four wide-scale economic crises in Mexico in the past two decades, the most recent in 1995-96. We find that mortality rates for the very young and the elderly increase or decline less rapidly in crisis years as compared with non-crisis years. In the 1995-96 crisis, mortality rates were about 5 to 7 percent higher in the crisis years compared to the years just prior to the crisis. This translates into a 0.4 percent incr...
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作者：Parry, IWH
作者单位：Resources for the Future
摘要：This paper compares the efficiency of a single lane toll, a uniform congestion tax across freeway lanes, a gasoline tax, and a transit fare subsidy at reducing congestion. There are three conditions for an efficient outcome relating to travel across modes, across peak and off-peak periods, and sorting out drivers with high and low time costs across faster and slower freeway lanes. Each policy involves some inefficiency. Indeed the single lane toll, gasoline tax, and transit subsidy forego at l...
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作者：Davies, JB; Hoy, M
作者单位：Western University (University of Western Ontario); University of Guelph
摘要：Tax flattening exercises which include an increase in personal allowances have been pervasive over the past two decades. Such changes, which typically benefit both the poor and the rich, at the expense of the middle class, have complex redistributive effects which are not obviously 'equalizing' or 'disequalizing'. We develop a systematic approach to comparing the relative inequality of flat rate tax schemes to conventional graduated rate taxes. We provide an illustrative example using 1993 U.S...
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作者：Owens, RE; Sarte, PD
作者单位：Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Richmond
摘要：When firms can set prices, moving costs imply excess inertia in firm migration relative to the social optimum. Therefore, the idea that inducing firm relocation cannot increase welfare can be misleading. In particular, firm migration encouraged by location subsidies does not amount to a 'zero sum' across regions. However, targeting moving costs alone is not efficient, and regional planners are unlikely to produce a first best allocation. Finally, we show that relocation subsidies may give rise...
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作者：La Ferrara, E
作者单位：Bocconi University; Bocconi University
摘要：This paper investigates the determinants of group membership, and in particular the effect of income inequality on individual incentives to join economic groups. Drawing on a simple model, we show that an increase in inequality has an ambiguous effect and that the type of access rule (open versus restricted access) is key in determining what income categories are represented in the group. Furthermore, the shape of the income distribution can be crucial to determine whether increased inequality...
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作者：Corneo, G; Grüner, HP
作者单位：University Osnabruck; University of Mannheim; Centre for Economic Policy Research - UK; Leibniz Association; Ifo Institut; IZA Institute Labor Economics
摘要：What drives people's support of governmental reduction of income inequality? We employ data from a large international survey in order to evaluate the explanatory power of three competing forces, referred to as the 'homo occonomicus effect', the 'public values effect', and the 'social rivalry effect'. The empirical analysis reveals that at the aggregate level all three effects play a significant role in shaping individual preferences for political redistribution. Attitudes of citizens in forme...
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作者：Stiglitz, JE
作者单位：Columbia University
摘要：The advances in the economics of the public sector during the past quarter century have been as pronounced as in any field within economics. Public finance has become a rigorous branch of applied microeconomics, incorporating the best thinking and most advanced tools of both theoretical economics and econometrics. In the remarks below, I will focus on a few key areas in applied and theoretical tax and expenditure policy, drawing both upon the academic work of myself and others, and my experien...
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作者：Alesina, A; La Ferrara, E
作者单位：Harvard University; Bocconi University; Bocconi University
摘要：Both individual experiences and community characteristics influence how much people trust each other. Using individual level data drawn from US localities we find that the strongest factors associated with low trust are: (i) a recent history of traumatic experiences; (ii) belonging to a group that historically felt discriminated against, such as minorities (blacks in particular) and, to a lesser extent, women; (iii) being economically unsuccessful in terms of income and education; (iv) living ...
