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作者：NELSON, JA
摘要：Researchers agree that household equivalence scales are intended to measure the variation in income needed to bring households of different composition to the same welfare level. Researchers do not agree, however, about how the term ''household welfare'' is to be defined. This article traces the historical and philosophical development of three distinct definitions. When the conceptual bases of several popular methods for the estimation of equivalence scales are explored, it becomes clear that...
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作者：BECKER, GS
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作者：REES, A
摘要：Neoclassical wage theory is based on the premise that a worker's utility is based on his own wage and his own hours of work, without reference to the wages and hours of others. This article reviews anecdotal evidence that the wages of others are a powerful force in determining worker satisfaction, such that utility goes down when the wages of others go up. The resulting comparisons are a powerful force in determining wage structure, but do not exclude ultimate effect of neoclassical wage deter...
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作者：BLOCK, W
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作者：HASHIMOTO, M
摘要：This article discusses some aspects of labor market adjustments in Japan that may be relevant to the low unemployment rate there. Japanese statistics treat kyugyosha (persons not at work) as being employed, but some of these workers would be counted as unemployed in the United States. The kyugyosha group appears to increase in size during downturns and decreases during upturns, suggesting that temporarily laid-off persons are an important part of this group. Japanese employers evidently rely l...
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作者：MURRAY, C
摘要：After describing the development and dimensions of the American welfare system, this paper explores the relationship of illegitimacy to welfare. Alternative measures of illegitimacy are discussed. The relationship of the welfare package and the illegitimacy ratio is examined over time and across states, by race. A bivariate relationship of welfare and illegitimacy exists among whites, but not among blacks. Among blacks, a strong cross-state relationship exists between density of the black popu...
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作者：FALLICK, BC
摘要：This article uses a two-industry model of unemployment duration and job search to estimate rates of transition of displaced workers from unemployment to employment, distinguishing between employment in a worker's previous industry and in other industries. The competing-risks model allows inferences about search strategies to be drawn from data concerning employment outcomes and allows tests of some fundamental implications of search theory. There is evidence that improvements in the prospects ...
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作者：MAKI, DR
摘要：The article empirically estimates the effects of disability pensions provided under the Canada/Quebec Pension Plans on the labor-force participation rates of males aged 45-64 years. Two data sets are used. One consists of pooled cross section/annual time-series data by province for the years 1975-83. The other consists of observations as of 1985 on 651 males in the specified age group. Naive estimation results from both sets of data suggest a large negative effect of pension income. In the cas...
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作者：VALLETTA, RG
摘要：This article examines municipal union employment and wage effects in a sample of police, fire, sanitation, streets and highways, and finance and control departments from approximately 900 U.S. cities during 1977-80. Cross-section results for 1980 suggest positive union contract effects on fire fighter and sanitation employment and wages, consistent with demand shifts due to union political influence in municipal bargaining. I then model potential omitted variables as nonstationary fixed effect...
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作者：BLAU, DM
摘要：This article presents estimates of the elasticity of supply of labor to child care. This parameter is an important determinant of the effects of child care subsidies and regulations on the cost of child care. Using data from the Current Population Survey, there is evidence of an elasticity in the range of 1.2-1.9. This implies that the majority of the benefits of child care subsidies accrue to consumers of child care. It is also consistent with the fact that child care workers' wages remained ...
