Variable thresholds for phosphorylation targets of the ERK signaling pathway

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Hayashi, Kristyn; Sekaran, Suganya; Simpson, Pelle; Ebmeier, Christopher C.; Michel, Cole R.; Ahn, Natalie G.
• 署名单位: University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; Children's Hospital Colorado; University of Colorado Anschutz
• 刊物名称: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2517889123
• 发表日期: 2026-02-10
• 页码: e2517889123
• 关键词: signaling thresholds; phosphorylation site occupancy; map kinase; braf; erk; negative feedback; repair; proliferation; activation; mechanisms; apoptosis; proteins; reveals; pulses; METTL3

摘要

Cell fates regulated by ERK respond to different thresholds of signaling strength. In mammalian cells, conditions that activate ERK to submaximal levels are sufficient to sustain proliferation, survival, and transformation, while stimuli that activate ERK to very high levels often lead to cell death or cell cycle arrest. But while this Goldilocks effect is well known, the mechanisms have never been fully explained. In particular, threshold responses have been shown at the level of transcription and cell state changes, but whether phosphorylation responses upstream of these events also respond to thresholds is unknown. Here, we used mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics to ask if molecular events in the ERK pathway respond to different thresholds of signaling strength, by quantifying changes in phosphorylation of pathway targets against the occupancy of the two activating phosphosites in ERK. The results show that most phosphorylation events track ERK activation faithfully, responding linearly with increasing 2P-ERK occupancy. But some sites respond nonlinearly, reaching maximal phosphorylation when 2P-ERK exceeds lower thresholds (10 to 40%), or increasing substantially after 2P-ERK exceeds higher thresholds (>60%). Low threshold sites are found on transcriptional repressors that facilitate proliferation when inactivated by ERK/ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK) phosphorylation. By contrast, high threshold sites are found on proteins that are recruited to double-stranded DNA breaks and mediate DNA repair. Measurement of phosphorylation occupancies also revealed unexpected differences between cell states not apparent from inhibitor fold-changes. Our findings demonstrate that signaling thresholds exist at the level of the phosphoproteome, providing potential mechanisms for regulating cellular responses to pathway strength.