The changing structure of American cities: A study of the diffusion of innovation
成果类型：
Article
署名作者：
Frederickson, HG; Johnson, GA; Wood, C
署名单位：
University of Kansas; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Northern Illinois University
刊物名称：
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW
ISSN/ISSBN：
0033-3352
DOI：
10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00376.x
发表日期：
2004
页码：
320-330
关键词：
摘要：
Using historical and numerical analysis and the five-part schema, this study finds that over the post 50 years structural modifications and adaptations by American cities have generally followed the standard S curve of the diffusion of Innovation. In tests of Kaufman's and Hirshman's theories of epochs of change from representativeness to administrative efficiency, this study determines that mayor-council cities have, in a standard innovation diffusion S curve, adopted many of the key features of council-manager cities, increasing their administrative efficiency. At the same time, council-manager cities, again in an S curve, have adopted many of the key features of mayor-council cities, increasing their political responsiveness. Fewer cities are now either distinctly mayor-council or council-manager in form, and most cities are structurally less distinct, constituting a newly merged or hybrid model of local government-the type III city.