HOW THE 1963 EQUAL PAY ACT AND 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS ACT SHAPED THE GENDER GAP IN PAY

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Bailey, Martha J.; Helgerman, Thomas; Stuart, Bryan A.
• 署名单位: University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Bureau of Economic Research; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Federal Reserve System - USA; Federal Reserve Bank - Philadelphia
• 刊物名称: QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0033-5533
• DOI: 10.1093/qje/qjae006
• 发表日期: 2024
• 页码: 1827-1878
• 关键词: AFFIRMATIVE-ACTION; occupational segregation; economic-status; IMPACT; POLICY; women; sex; DISCRIMINATION; differentials; earnings

摘要

In the 1960s, two landmark statutes-the Equal Pay and Civil Rights Acts-targeted the long-standing practice of employment discrimination against U.S. women. For the next 15 years, the gender gap in median earnings among full-time, full-year workers changed little, leading many scholars to conclude that the legislation was ineffectual. This article revisits this conclusion using two research designs, which leverage (i) cross-state variation in preexisting state equal pay laws and (ii) variation in the 1960 gender gap across occupation-industry-state-group cells to capture differences in the legislation's incidence. Both designs suggest that federal antidiscrimination legislation led to striking gains in women's relative wages, which were concentrated among below-median wage earners. These wage gains offset preexisting labor market forces, which worked to depress women's relative pay growth, resulting in the apparent stability of the gender gap at the median and mean in the 1960s and 1970s. The data show little evidence of short-term changes in women's employment but suggest that firms reduced their hiring and promotion of women in the medium to long term. The historical record points to the key role of the Equal Pay Act in driving these changes.