Why Do Women Earn Less than Men? Evidence from Bus and Train Operators

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Bolotnyy, Valentin; Emanuel, Natalia
• 署名单位: Stanford University; Harvard University
• 刊物名称: JOURNAL OF LABOR ECONOMICS
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0734-306X
• DOI: 10.1086/715835
• 发表日期: 2022
• 页码: 283-323
• 关键词: gender-gap; organizational power; unequal access; pay; CONVERGENCE; performance; preferences; DYNAMICS; MARKET

摘要

Female workers earn $0.89 for each male-worker dollar even in a unionized workplace, where tasks, wages, and promotion schedules are identical for men and women by design. Using administrative time-card data on bus and train operators, we show that this earnings gap can be explained by female operators taking fewer hours of overtime and more hours of unpaid time off than male operators. Female operators, especially those with dependents, pursue schedule conventionality, predictability, and controllability more than male operators. While reducing schedule controllability can limit the earnings gap, it can also hurt female workers and their productivity.