The 1831 CE mystery eruption identified as Zavaritskii caldera, Simushir Island (Kurils)

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Hutchison, William; Sugden, Patrick; Burke, Andrea; Abbott, Peter; Ponomareva, Vera V.; Dirksen, Oleg; Portnyagin, Maxim, V; Macinnes, Breanyn; Bourgeois, Joanne; Fitzhugh, Ben; Verkerk, Magali; Aubry, Thomas J.; Engwell, Samantha L.; Svensson, Anders; Chellman, Nathan J.; Mcconnell, Joseph R.; Davies, Siwan; Sigl, Michael; Plunkett, Gill
• 署名单位: University of St Andrews; University of Bern; University of Bern; Institute of Volcanology & Seismology, Far Eastern Branch, RAS; Russian Academy of Sciences; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; Central Washington University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Exeter; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Geological Survey; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); Desert Research Institute NSHE; Swansea University; Queens University Belfast
• 刊物名称: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0027-12499
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2416699122
• 发表日期: 2025-01-07
• 关键词: stratospheric sulfur injections; aerosol optical depth; volcanic-eruptions; tambora eruption; melt inclusions; CLIMATE-CHANGE; grain-size; ice; tephra; events

摘要

Polar ice cores and historical records evidence a large-magnitude volcanic eruption in 1831 CE. This event was estimated to have injected similar to 13 Tg of sulfur (S) into the stratosphere which produced various atmospheric optical phenomena and led to Northern Hemisphere climate cooling of similar to 1 degrees C. The source of this volcanic event remains enigmatic, though one hypothesis has linked it to a modest phreatomagmatic eruption of Ferdinandea in the Strait of Sicily, which may have emitted additional S through magma-crust interactions with evaporite rocks. Here, we undertake a high-resolution multiproxy geochemical analysis of ice-core archives spanning the 1831 CE volcanic event. S isotopes confirm a major Northern Hemisphere stratospheric eruption but, importantly, rule out significant contributions from external evaporite S. In multiple ice cores, we identify cryptotephra layers of low K andesite-dacite glass shards occurring in summer 1831 CE and immediately prior to the stratospheric S fallout. This tephra matches the chemistry of the youngest Plinian eruption of Zavaritskii, a remote nested caldera on Simushir Island (Kurils). Radiocarbon ages confirm a recent (<300 y) eruption of Zavaritskii, and erupted volume estimates are consistent with a magnitude 5 to 6 event. The reconstructed radiative forcing of Zavaritskii (-2 +/- 1 W m(-2)) is comparable to the 1991 CE Pinatubo eruption and can readily account for the climate cooling in 1831-1833 CE. These data provide compelling evidence that Zavaritskii was the source of the 1831 CE mystery eruption and solve a confounding case of multiple closely spaced observed and unobserved volcanic eruptions.