Pre- Hispanic ritual use of psychoactive plants at Chavín de Huántar, Peru

• 成果类型: Article
• 署名作者: Rick, John W.; Lema, Veronica S.; Echeverria, Javier; Valverde, Giuseppe Alva; Contreras, Daniel A.; Espinoza, Oscar Arias; Rosenfeld, Silvana A.; Sayre, Matthew P.
• 署名单位: Stanford University; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); National University of Cordoba; Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
• 刊物名称: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• ISSN/ISSBN: 0027-10798
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2425125122
• 发表日期: 2025-05-13
• 关键词: formative period; san-pedro; atacama; chavin; substances; argentina; artifacts; nicotine; contexts; huantar

摘要

Ritual is broadly accepted as an important locus of social interaction in the pre-Hispanic Central Andes, and research into the development of durable sociopolitical inequality in the region often focuses on the social and political roles of public rituals. At the Middle-Late Formative Period (ca. 1200-400 BCE) monumental center of Chav & iacute;n de Hu & aacute;ntar, as well as at contemporary sites, ritual has long been hypothesized to include the use of psychoactive plants. However, neither psychoactive plant remains nor chemical traces of psychoactive compounds in likely ritual contexts have been identified at any of these sites. Recently excavated deposits sealed in an underground gallery at Chav & iacute;n contained twenty-three artifacts of forms (especially bone tubes) associated with consumption of psychoactive plants elsewhere in the region. We here report, based on independent microbotanical and chemical analyses, two kinds of direct evidence for use of psychoactive plants in institutionalized ritual at Chav & iacute;n. These results are direct evidence of psychoactive plants in archaeological bone tubes used as inhalers and the northernmost direct evidence of vilca and Nicotiana use in the pre-Hispanic Andes.